PSY-P 304Exam # 2 Study Guide Modules 3-5Module 3 - explain what stereotypes are and describe two process involved in the development of stereotypes (social learning & social categorization) (L, T)o Stereotypes- our beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits or attributes Mere membership in a group, means that every member possesses a certain trait or characteristico Development of Stereotypes social learning- we learn through observation and model it - We model what we see cognitive model of stereotype formation- social categorization-to classify or sort other people on the basis of some common attributeo Gender, race, religion, age, etc. o We have experiences with other people that share common attributes so we begin to make conclusions and put people into these categories- make the distinction between ingroups and outgroups, and how that distinction leads to outgroup homogeneity bias (L, T)o ingroup-outgroup distinctions- we perceive ourselves as either members or nonmembers of the social category that we just created Example: my ingroup would be females and my outgroup would be maleso outgroup homogeneity bias- we believe that everyone in our outgroup is the same We underestimate the differences and individuality of individuals o Ingroup heterogeneity bias- we believe that everyone in our ingroup have different characteristics and traits - describe how illusory correlations and confirmation bias contribute to the maintenance of stereotypes, and be able to give examples of each (L, T) o (cognitive)illusory correlations- tendency for individuals to overestimate association between variables that are really only slightly correlated or not correlated at all Example: being blond is correlated with being dumb and then implicitly there is a correlation between not being blond and being smartero confirmatory evidence- we look for salient evidence to prove our stereotypes- explain the stereotype content model, to include how status & competition influence our stereotypical perceptions of warmth and competence (L, T)o Most of our stereotypes negative, but there are some that are positiveo Status- whether other members of the group have achieved high success Achieve high success= competent Do not achieve high success= incompetent o Competition- the degree to which the outgroup poses a threat to our own ingroup If people are perceived as a threat= view as cold people If people are not seen as a threat= view as warm peopleo Congruent stereotype content High status and no threat=competent and warm- Tend to illicit liking for members of that group- Example: our ingroup or the people most like us - This is a positive-positive stereotyoe- Pure ingroup favoritism Low status and threat=incompetent and cold- Illicit feelings of anger and contempt- Example: illegal immigrants- Uniform derogation and dislike- Negative-negative stereotypeso Mixed stereotype content Low status and no threat=Incompetent and warm- Pity and compassion- Examples: old people- Paternalistic stereotype High status and threat=competent and cold - Illicit feelings of envy- Example: female CEOs - Envious stereotypes- explain what prejudice is (L, T)o Prejudice- feelings directed towards people because of the group they belong to, and these feelings are almost always negative feelings- present Devine’s argument of why prejudice is not an inevitable consequence of holding a stereotype (L), based on the differentiation between automatic and controlled cognitive processing of social information (L, T)o When the stereotype becomes activated, do we apply it or not? Stereotypes are activated automatically These stereotypes may or may not be applied o automatic vs. controlled processing Automatic processing- effortless, unconscious, inescapable, involuntary Controlled processing- conscious, requires cognitive thinking/worko We all have stereotypes that are very well learned and engrained  Argues that both prejudiced and non-prejudiced person have the sameknowledge about the stereotypes Whether you are prejudice or non-prejudice, that stereotype becomes automatically activated when you come into contact with someone in that group- The strength of this application is the same for prejudiced and non-prejudiced people What makes us different is our personal beliefs about members of the group- Prejudiced people's beliefs are the same as the stereotype- Non-prejudiced people's beliefs differ from the stereotype It is just easier to be prejudiced because it doesn't involve us to consciously do anything - thoroughly explain realistic conflict theory in the context of prejudice (L, T). Include in your discussion the role of relative deprivation (L, T), egoistic deprivation (L), fraternal deprivation (L), and scapegoating (L, T), and be able to provide examples of eacho Competition for limited resources is, in and of itself, sufficient to cause prejudice and hostilityo Relative deprivation (as opposed to absolute) In-group lacks particular resource compared to out-group 2 types:- Egoistic deprivationo Individual lacks resource- Fraternal deprivationo In-group lacks resourceo Scapegoating Prejudiced hostility toward group that presents no threat Group blamed for lack of resources without fault- thoroughly explain social identity theory in the context of prejudice (L, T)o pride in group membershipo derogation of out-groups- thoroughly explain terror management theory in the context of prejudice (L, T), to include an explanation of cultural worldviews and the general responseswhen our worldviews are threatened (L). Explain the mortality salience hypothesis (L)o 2 basic tendencies of human behavior Maintain favorable self-image (self-esteem) Promote beliefs and values of one’s own culture (ethnocentrism)o Self-preservationo Self-conscious Awe Terror- Death often premature and unexplainableo Same cognitive theories than produce terror allow us to understand and formcultural worldviews Humanly created and transmitted beliefs share by group of people about the nature of reality Knowledge of other worldviews threatens our own When our worldviews are threated, 4 possible responses exist:- Assimilateo Yours is wrong, you need to adopt ours- Accommodateo Incorporate parts of other worldview Usually what’s convenient- Derogate- Annihilateo If successful,