PSY-P 304Exam # 4 Study Guide Modules 8-10Module 8- discuss the evolutionary explanation for helping behavior, to include the concepts of kin selection and reciprocal helping (L, T)o Evolutionary perspective: the bottom line is always perpetuation of the species/ genetic pool, when other people help us survival is enhanced, when we help other people we often do so at our own risk which can inhibit our genetic survival o Kin selection- promoting the survival of those who share our genetic makeup even at the risk of our own demise  Doesn’t tell us why we help strangerso Reciprocal helping- we help those who do not share our genetic makeup; predisposition to help others with the expectation of reciprocity - discuss any personality differences that account for helping behavior (L, T)o Personality- some people are naturally more helpful Altruistic personality  They are people with higher self esteem  They tend to be more emotional people  They tend to be high in self efficacy o Motive  Do we help other people because we a good, caring, compassionate people? Or Do we help for some self serving ulterior reason? Motives to volunteer @ AIDS clinic – Omoto & Snyder - Understanding- I learned more about AIDS and people with AIDS - Personal development- meeting new people, people dealing with emotional difficult issues - Ego defense- I am able to deal with own anxieties and fears - Esteem enhancement- I feel good for helping these people - Value expression- we should help because it is the right thing to do - make the distinction between egoistic and altruistic motives for helping behavior and recognize examples of each (L, T)oEgoistic: motivated behavior to help people to make us feel betteroAltruistic: compassion, selflessMood Enhanacement- compare and contrast the empathy altruism hypothesis and the negative-state relief model (L, T) , as well as be able to understand and apply the empirical evidence that supports each theoretical model (L)-empathy altruism hypothesisemotional component (personal distress: to alleviate mood, & empathic concern) Control Empathic concern High Low Sadness High LowHelping High Low cognitive component (perspective taking) Control Empathetic concern High LowSadness Low LowHelping Low Low -negative state relief model: only reason we help other people is to reduce personal distress- discuss the four social norms that might influence our helping behavior , to include the norm of social responsibility, the norm of reciprocity, the norm of justice, and the norm of equity (L, T). Further, appreciate which of those norms are based on moral values andwhich are based on fairness (L). Be able to provide or recognize examples of eachonorm of social responsibility: moral value – it is our moral obligation to help people who are unable to help themselvesonorm of justice: moral value - we should help people who deserve our help ex: good people who have had bad things happen to themonorm of reciprocity: fairness - we should help those who help us or who we think will help us in the future ex: ill, old peopleonorm of equity: fairness – relatively over benefitted people in life should help therelatively unbenefited people in life (rich help poor) - discuss how gender differences might affect helping behavior (L, T)ooverall no gender differences, but men more likely to help IF…A person in need of help is a womenThere are people watching (publically observable) There is an element of danger- explain how situational factors such as time constraints and the physical place might influence when people are likely to help (L, T)oTime: in a study, three subject groups told either…Ahead of schedule: 63% stopped to help elderly manRight on schedule: 45% stopped to help elderly manA few minutes behind schedule: 10% stopped to help elderly manoPhysical placeStimulus overload: so much is going on that help isn’t as noticeable More likely to receive help if you live in a less densely populated are- understand the bystander effect (L, T)o Bystander effect: probability that any one person will step forward and help decreases asthe size of the crowd grows larger- thoroughly explain Latane` and Darley’s model of decision making as applied to helping in emergency situations, and the social psychological “short-circuits” that interfere with that process (L, T)oSocial psychological “short circuits”Social influence: we use other people as information, if there is a crowd of people and we interpret it as an emergency, but if no one is doing anything to help we then conclude that the situation is fineDiffusion of responsibility: For whatever reason, if we come to conclusion that we are not responsible then we are less likely to helpModule 9- make the distinction between and identify examples of instrumental, hostile, relational and displaced aggression (L, T)oHostile (emotional) aggression-aggressive behavior with the primary goal of inflicting harm on another person Almost always springs from anger Man comes home from work and finds wife in bed with his best friend and shoots them is probably hostileNot always impulsive-Premeditated murder is not impulsive but it is hostile aggressionoInstrumental aggression- the primary goal of obtaining some other objective; a means to some other endsShooting bambi to feed my family Isn't all aggression to some degree instrumental?oSometimes difficult to distinguish between hostile and instrumental aggression o Displaced aggression-something frustrates me and rather than becoming aggressive at the thing that frustrates me I become aggressive towards some third party o Relational aggression- indirect type of aggression Women tend to be more aggressive when it comes to relational aggression - discuss any gender differences in aggression and be able to present biological and social learning explanations for those differences (L, T)oPhysical aggression- males are more physically aggressiveoVerbal aggression- females are more verbally aggressive but research suggests that there is no real differenceWomen tend to be more aggressive when it comes to relational aggression which is that indirect type off aggression-For example spreading rumors about a person oHormonalTestosterone-male sex hormone; found in men and women but found more in men Correlationally we know that testosterone levels from criminals that convicted violent crimes had consistently