Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 1 5 Lecture 1 Chiefdoms Describe the subsistence and technology Describe the social political economy How is society organized Describe the religion What food was especially important in chiefdom formation in North America The subsistence was mostly comprehensive horticulture Higher technology was invented including containers that stored food longer such as pots and specific tools were made such as stone hoes and blades However writing is NOT associated with chiefdoms ANTH 205 Society is more complex with the ecology being more intricate People are needing more an authority figure to control this bigger and more complex society The chiefs are the head of the society ruler of the resources and control making of the food As a result they live a more luxurious life and their ruling is not so much based on personality or qualities as seen in less complex societies Land ownership is passed down through generations Since there is a more stable food supply you see more specialists in other subjects such as crafts Society was based on status in power wealth and religion This is seen especially in the way people are dressed the more power the fancier dressed There is a definite gender divide families based on the father s side though the chief s wife does have higher status Religion was very connected with the natural world They used religion to justify social status and power of the chief and other people Chiefs were a lot of the time considered to be gods or similar There were shamans or people who primarily focus on religion throughout their life and often really close to the chief There is evidence human sacrifice was practiced as part of their religion Maize growing contributed A LOT to the formation of chiefdoms in North America Lecture 2 Samoans Describe the landscape in which they live Describe their food resources True False They are very skilled in sea faring abilities Describe the social political organization and specifically what kind of society are they What is a Matai What are the Community Houses used for Who is typically in charge of cooking Describe the importance of the Samoan Tautau tattoo The Samoans live on tropical islands with a lot of sunshine and rain There are mountains since the islands are basically made of volcanic rick and so it is difficult to grow crops Instead they have made terraces man made plateaus that are cleverly designed to collect water Samoans are NOT mobile foragers They grow foodstuffs such as taro leaves breadfruit bananas and coconut The terrace farms are typically run by the community as a whole True The Samoans are very well known for their skill at sea They are VERY good at making traveling hand made boats which are all based on cultural knowledge Samoans are a socially stratified society with many extended families also known as Aiga A head man or maita is in charge of each Aiga The community as a whole is headed by a chief and several sub chiefs Maita are typically at least 40 years old with good oratory skills intelligence know about ceremonial practices have sizable wealth and typically spend a lot of time handling societal complications They are also very generous people to both their families and community but also allies They have a lot of power but also responsibility Their power is NOT absolute it can be taken away Once elected the family goes into a higher status and is more likely to become elected into various positions The Community Houses are of high importance for they are the places where the head men meet They sit in a specific spot according to rank This where the kava ceremonies are where each head man drinks a special beverage Each person is Samoan society has a place and certain responsibilities Men are usually in charge of cooking especially ceremonial cooking The meat is divided among rank as well Samoan Tautau tattoo estimated to have begun being practiced over 2 000 years ago not just men get them girls can too though historically all boys between 14 18 years old were required to get them the tattoos themselves were are made up of geometric designs that show the rank status of the person the practice was nearly demolished when missionaries came but it has since been more revived the ink itself is made of soot from a shell and it takes many days to complete the tattoo artists are specially trained and have assistants helping them in the process Lecture 3 Potlatch Where is this group found Describe the ecology they lived in What was especially unique about them in terms of food resources Describe them socially Describe the Potlatch Ceremony Who wrote Patterns of Culture and was her interpretation of the Potlatch correct When did rivalry of the Potlatch occur They are found in the Pacific Northwest coast in a high latitude and warm climate The ecology was lowland swamp temperate rainforest In terms of food and what made them especially unique was food was essentially everywhere Edible plants and animals were found in the forests and water They ate sea lions berries elk goats and otters Fishing was a HUGE part of their diet as well especially salmon fishing They also used the animals for shelter clothing and other uses They used tress for canoes and shelter Since animals were such a big part of their lifestyle they are often depicted as part of their lineages shown in their artwork as well Socially they are indigenous groups a very complex large society that is stationary and very stratified Since food is not a problem they were able to create intricate artwork both in craftsmanship and dance The Potlatch Ceremony is a cultural ceremony that involves a person showing their status wealth and generosity by giving things away to others and sometimes throwing things away There are special dances speeches and feasting Ruth Benedict wrote Patterns of Culture which was avery incorrect interpretation of the ceremony She thought it was rather selfish and conceited and primarily kept her attention on the rivalry potlatch The rivalry potlatch happened when there was disagreement over who was the next heir after usually a death The rival people tried essentially outdo the other in pleasing and showing off to higher people This can make some people go broke Lecture 4 Agriculture States Describe the subsistence that would be practiced What are the major agricultural states What was the demography like What are some major health problems causes that resulted from living in agricultural states Did the