Traditional Approaches to Organizational StructureTraditional Response to “Katrina”What is an Organization?An Organization’s MissionMission, Vision and ValuesThe Four Organizational Forms4 Types of OrganizationsOrganizational Structure and DesignOrganizational Structure and Design (Cont’d)Organizational Structure and Design (cont’d)Importance of EnvironmentImportance of Environment (cont’d)Slide 13Group ActivityActivity DirectionsA Quote to RememberReferencesTraditional Traditional Approaches to Approaches to Organizational Organizational StructureStructureLecture IIILecture IIISOWO 804 – Organizational and Community BehaviorSOWO 804 – Organizational and Community BehaviorTraditional Response to Traditional Response to “Katrina”“Katrina”•Direct Practice and Macro Practice responses – helping people on Direct Practice and Macro Practice responses – helping people on an individual and community levelan individual and community level•Role of Cultural Competence?Role of Cultural Competence?•Should Organizations Change with the Times? If yes, When, How?Should Organizations Change with the Times? If yes, When, How?•Can past Organizational responses suffice if rooted in successful Can past Organizational responses suffice if rooted in successful social work practices?social work practices?What is an Organization?What is an Organization?•A Holistic ViewA Holistic View•Organizations are HolisticOrganizations are Holistic•Organizations are EcologicalOrganizations are Ecological•Organizations are OrganicOrganizations are Organic•Organizations are People-BasedOrganizations are People-Based(Holistic Model, n.d.)An Organization’s MissionAn Organization’s Mission•The Threefold MissionThe Threefold Mission•Develop and Implement all the PartsDevelop and Implement all the Parts•Connect the Parts — Cause and Effect Relationships Connect the Parts — Cause and Effect Relationships UnderstoodUnderstood•Coach the PeopleCoach the People(Holistic Model, n.d.)Mission, Vision and ValuesMission, Vision and Values(Holistic Model, n.d.)The Four Organizational FormsThe Four Organizational Forms Explicate Order vs. Implicate OrderExplicate Order vs. Implicate Order•Explicate OrderExplicate Order•It manifest structure associated with power, hierarchy of task, and rolesIt manifest structure associated with power, hierarchy of task, and roles•Implicate OrderImplicate Order•These organizations are defined by: social associations, empathetic/creative These organizations are defined by: social associations, empathetic/creative interrelationships, feeling fields, metaphors and symbolsinterrelationships, feeling fields, metaphors and symbols•ModelsModels•Community Building ModelCommunity Building Model•T-group ModelT-group Model•Other Environments that function with Implicate OrderOther Environments that function with Implicate Order::•Creative EnvironmentsCreative Environments•Expressive Arts Expressive Arts •Improvisational JazzImprovisational Jazz•Pedagogy of the OppressedPedagogy of the Oppressed (P. Friere) - Model of Education (P. Friere) - Model of Education(Dinkelaker, 1997)4 Types of Organizations4 Types of Organizations•BureaucraticBureaucratic•Matrix (Research and Development)Matrix (Research and Development)•Familial OrganizationFamilial Organization•Organic AdaptiveOrganic Adaptive(Dinkelaker, 1997)Organizational Structure and DesignOrganizational Structure and Design•Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure – – describes the organization’s describes the organization’s framework as expressed by its degree of complexity, framework as expressed by its degree of complexity, formalization, and centralizationformalization, and centralization•ComplexityComplexity – How is the Work Divided? – How is the Work Divided?•FormalizationFormalization - - The “Rules of Employee Behavior”The “Rules of Employee Behavior” •Centralization Centralization – – Who at the TOP is Making Decisions?Who at the TOP is Making Decisions? •DecentralizationDecentralization – – Is Decision Making Occurring In Lower Is Decision Making Occurring In Lower Levels of the Organization?Levels of the Organization?(Organization Structure, n.d.)Organizational Structure and Organizational Structure and DesignDesign (Cont’d)(Cont’d)Organizational DesignOrganizational Design•Six ElementsSix Elements•Work specializationWork specialization•DepartmentalizationDepartmentalization•Chain of command Chain of command •Span of controlSpan of control•Centralization/DecentralizationCentralization/Decentralization•FormalizationFormalization•Classical View vs. Contemporary ViewClassical View vs. Contemporary View•Unity of CommandUnity of Command•Authority and ResponsibilityAuthority and Responsibility•Span of ControlSpan of Control(Organization Structure, n.d.)•Horizontal DimensionsHorizontal Dimensions•Division of LaborDivision of Labor•DepartmentalizationDepartmentalization•FunctionalFunctional•ProductProduct•CustomerCustomer•GeographicGeographic•ProcessProcessOrganizational Structure and Design (cont’d)Organizational Structure and Design (cont’d) (Organization Structure, n.d.)Importance of EnvironmentImportance of Environment•Environment Greatly Influences How Organizations Form, Environment Greatly Influences How Organizations Form, Structure, and FunctionStructure, and Function(Clifton, 1980)CThe AgencyPeopleSystems and RulesWork StructureCultureCommunityGoalsObjectivesTechnology190019001950195020002000Importance of Environment (cont’d)Importance of Environment (cont’d)(Drucker, 1994)Organizations’ Response to Environmental Influences were Especially Organizations’ Response to Environmental Influences were Especially Evident During the 20Evident During the 20thth Century Century•Early 1900’s – Largest Single Group = Farmers, Second Group = Live-In ServantsEarly 1900’s – Largest Single Group = Farmers, Second Group = Live-In Servants•Industrial Revolution – Farmers and Live-In Servants move to the cities, but remained Industrial Revolution – Farmers and Live-In Servants move to the cities, but remained impoverished. impoverished. •By 1950 – Labor Unions made Industrial Workers Middle Class CitizensBy 1950 – Labor Unions made Industrial Workers Middle Class Citizens•By 1990 – Labor Unions in RetreatBy 1990 – Labor Unions in