Terms:1) Social Contract: A theory of politics that asserts that the state is created by mutual consent (contract) of its members- can be a formal agreement or an informal/tacit agreement. A hypothetical contract. Outlines the role of the state and the role of the citizen (duty, obligation). Contractual agreement between citizens and states; policies justified via tacit consent.2) Civil Disobedience: a. A political act that is purposefully breaking the law; conscience is the highest law,representative of "justice"; one willingly suffer the consequences to point out injustices.b. Purposely breaking the law to demonstrate/protest the injustice of the law. Natural law > man's law3) Logos: The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.4) Telos: end/goal of mutual understanding and agree how to live together.5) Tacit Agreement:a. general structure, ideals of society; mutual acceptanceb. live under system without protest, support for the system via compliance or acceptance6) Explicit Consent:a. Constitutions, laws7) Sophist:a. Sophist = an expert, “wise man”b. Argue that virtue/happiness is "the ability to acquire those things that people agree give pleasure- wealth, honor, [and] status"… "political virtue is the successful use of power."c. Protagoras: “man is the measure of all things.”d. Gorgias: nature and law are opposites, laws are just conventions of man8) Anarchy: absence of a ruler, without rulers.9) Realism:a. The depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effecti. “Human Behavior” is selfish and Self-interestedii. Absence of Realityiii. City-States or nations are “power seeking”iv. IF weak, build power through alliancesv. Important to realist: Power, security, survival, and wealth10) Reason:Tenants of Realism:1) Classical Realism:a. Driving force of politics is power (might equals right)b. Power is the ability to influence other (more than they can influence you)c. Politics is aimed at gaining, increasing, and keeping powerd. Self-Interested Rationality: self-interest dominates actions, not idealism (negative view of human nature)e. State-Centrism: Most important players in global politics are nation-states2) Structural/Neo Realism:a. International anarchyb. Similar pursuits of nation-states: security, viable economy, and general welfare of populationc. Variable distribution of capabilities (variable power) is measured militarily, economically, and demographically. Plato’s Republic:1) 4 Definitions of Justice:a. Cephalus: (“Pay one’s debts and tell the truth”)b. Polemarchus: (Do good [just behavior] to friends & harm [unjust behavior] to enemies)c. Glaucon: (“Shield for the weak, product of convention [Social Contract] to chain the natural selfishness of man.”)d. Thrasymachus: (Act according to the interest of the strong. Acting in one’s own self-interest is just)2) Plato’s Definition of Justice in the city:a. Justice is not externalb. Justice is a man doing his proper role in society. 3) Description of the 4 virtues:a. Justice: b. Wisdom:c. Temperance (Moderation):d. Courage:4) Noble Lie:a. Is a myth or untruth, often, of religious nature, knowingly told by the elite to maintain social harmony, or the position of the eliteb. A fictional account that Plato gives for the origin of the 3 classes in his propose republic. 5) Description of the 3 Classes:a. Rulers: [Represent Wisdom, Courage, and Temperance]i. Role is to ruleb. Auxiliary (warriors): [Represent Courage and Temperance]i. Role is to enforce the rulers/rulesc. Producers (Artisans, farmers, etc.): [Represent Temperance]i. Role is to produce according to their ability (farmers farm, craftsmen performs his craft, etc.)6) Elements of the Soul:a. Reason: Each soul possess reasons, capable of calculation [rulers/philosophers]b. Spirit: Each soul possess spiritedness, capable of anger, self-assertion, and moral indignation [soldiers] c. Appetite: Each soul possess desire, concerned with pleasures of the body [artisans]*Reason and rationality should be dominant7) Description/Definition of the 5 regime types (Best to Worst):a. Aristocracy: Ideal State described throughout the bookb. Timocracy: Loss of wisdom as a focus of the rulers- lovers of honorc. Oligarchy: Loss of courage as a focus of the rulers- lovers of moneyd. Democracy: Loss of temperance- lovers of freedome. Tyranny: Complete lack of "justice"Aristotle’s Politics:1) Definition of Citizenship:a. Someone that can take part in the governmental process2) 6 Regime Types (Best to Worst):a. Monarchy: rule by one for the good of allb. Aristocracy: rule by few for the good of allc. Polity: rule by many for the good of alld. Democracy: rule by many for the good of manye. Oligarchy: rule by few for good of fewf. Tyranny/Despotism: rule by one for the good of one3) Elements to establish Polity:a. Political community in which institution of oligarchy and democracy were mixed to produce political stability. 4) Causes of Revolution:a. All revolutions are caused by a minority class seeking an effective superiority because of profit or honor (or avoidance of loss/honor).i. Equality of outcome/Equality of meritb. Democracyi. Attacks on wealth  Wealthy unite and form Oligarchy or Tyranny is established by “electing” military leaderc. Oligarchyi. External causes:1. Mistreatment of the poor2. Exclusion from government of the massesii. Internal causes: 1.5) Preservation of Regimes:6) Rule of Law (what does it mean by itself):Augustine:1) “Heavenly City”/”Earthly City”a. City of God vs. City of Manb. City of God (City of Man )i. Heaven (Hell)ii. Love God, love Neighbor 2nd (Love of self)iii. Not all about you (all about YOU)iv. Christian charity (Flesh based focus)v. No way to know who is saved (Never Satisfied)vi. Not all church goers are saved (lust)c. You become what you love. Love God, become more like God. Can’t depend on people for satisfaction, they are temporaryi. Deathii. Loss of friendshipiii. They are human and thus flawed*Lust: love of anything pas the double commandment (yourself, sex, etc.)2) What type of government does he advocate:a. Mixture of governmental formsb. King (more applicable to say President here) is valuable to “shepherd [and] the common good of the multitude”i. Nobility should advise and limit the Kingii. King’s laws should have the consent of the nobility and