Artificial IntelligenceOne Vision of AIA Calmer VisionCould AI Stop This?What is Artificial Intelligence?Or, Stepping Back Even Farther, Can We Build Artificial People?Historical Attempts – The TurkHistorical Attempts - RURThe Roots: LogicMathematics in the Early 20th Century – (Looking Ahead: Will Logic be the Key to Thinking?)The Advent of the ComputerThe Dartmouth Conference and the Name Artificial IntelligenceTime Line – The Big PictureHow Will We Recognize AI?The Origins of AI HypeWas Turing Right?Another OneAlice, AgainAlice AgainWere Newell and Simon Right?Chess TodayWhy Did They Get it Wrong?ScalabilityExponential GrowthBut Chess is EasyA Harder OneHow Bad is the Ambiguity?Can We Get Around the Search Problem ?How Much Compute Power Does it Take?How Much Compute Power is There?Evolution of the Main IdeasSymbolic vs. Subsymbolic AIThe Origins of Subsymbolic AIInterest in Subsymbolic AILow-level (Sensory and Motor) Processing and the Resurgence of Subsymbolic SystemsThe Origins of Symbolic AIGamesSlide 38MathematicsSlide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43The Silver Bullet?But What About Knowledge?Slide 46Representing Knowledge - LogicRepresenting Knowledge- Semantic NetsSemantic Nets Morphed into FramesRepresenting Knowledge – Capturing ExperienceRepresenting Knowledge - RulesRepresenting Knowledge – ProbabilisticallyThe Rise of Expert SystemsExpert Systems – The HeydayExpert Systems – Today: MedicineExpert Systems – Today: Build Your OwnTaking the AP Chemistry ExamSlide 58What About Things that People Do Easily?Slide 60Hand-Coded Knowledge vs. Machine LearningRobotics - TortoiseRobotics – Hopkins BeastRobotics - ShakeyRobotics – Stanford CartPlanning vs. ReactingRobotics - DanteRobotics - SojournerRobotics – Mars RoverSandstormSlide 71The 2005 CourseStanley – the WinnerWhat’s Next?Moving Around and Picking Things UpRobotics - AiboWhat Can You Do with an Aibo?A Simple Finite State ControllerRobotics - CogAt the Other End of the Spectrum – RoombaAnd Then There’s – ScoobaRobotics – NursebotAsimo: a Humanoid RobotBig Dog: A Nonhumanoid RobotNatural Language ProcessingNLP, continuedSlide 87NLP TodayMachine Translation: An Early NL ApplicationMT TodayMT TodaySlide 92Why Is It So Hard?Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100Slide 101Slide 102Slide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 108Slide 109Slide 110Text Retrieval and ExtractionProgramming LanguagesCognitive ModelingMaking Money – SoftwareMaking Money - HardwareMaking Money - RobotsThe Differences Between Us and ThemEmotionsUnderstandingSlide 120ConsciousnessToday: The Difference Between Us and ThemToday: Computer as ArtistWhy AI?Artificial IntelligenceOur Attempt to Build Models of OurselvesElaine RichOne Vision of AIA Calmer VisionCould AI Stop This?What is Artificial Intelligence?A.I. is the study of how to make computers do things that people are better at or would be better at if they could extend what they do to a world wide web-sized amount of data and not make mistakes.Or, Stepping Back Even Farther, Can We Build Artificial People?•Historical attempts•The modern quest for robots and intelligent agents•Us vs. ThemHistorical Attempts – The Turkhttp://www.theturkbook.comHistorical Attempts - RUR"CHEAP LABOR. ROSSUM'S ROBOTS.""ROBOTS FOR THE TROPICS. 150 DOLLARS EACH.""EVERYONE SHOULD BUY HIS OWN ROBOT.""DO YOU WANT TO CHEAPEN YOUR OUTPUT?ORDER ROSSUM'S ROBOTS"In 1921, the Czech author Karel Capek produced the play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots).http://www.maxmon.com/1921ad.htm Some references state that term "robot" was derived from the Czech word robota, meaning "work", while others propose that robota actually means "forced workers" or "slaves." This latter view would certainly fit the point that Capek was trying to make, because his robots eventually rebelled against their creators, ran amok, and tried to wipe out the human race. However, as is usually the case with words, the truth of the matter is a little more convoluted. In the days when Czechoslovakia was a feudal society, "robota" referred to the two or three days of the week that peasants were obliged to leave their own fields to work without remuneration on the lands of noblemen. For a long time after the feudal system had passed away, robota continued to be used to describe work that one wasn't exactly doing voluntarily or for fun, while today's younger Czechs and Slovaks tend to use robota to refer to work that’s boring or uninteresting.The Roots: Logic1848 George Boole The Calculus of Logicchocolate nutsmintchocolate and  nuts and mintMathematics in the Early 20th Century –(Looking Ahead: Will Logic be the Key to Thinking?)1900 Hilbert’s program and the effort to formalize mathematics1931 Kurt Gödel’s paper, On Formally Undecidable Propositions 1936 Alan Turing’s paper, On Computable Numbers with an application to the Entscheidungs problemThe Advent of the Computer1945 ENIAC The first electronic digital computerThe Dartmouth Conference and the Name Artificial IntelligenceJ. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, and C.E. Shannon. August 31, 1955. "We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it."Time Line – The Big Picture 50 60 70 80 90 00 101956 Dartmouth conference.1981 Japanese Fifth Generation project launched as the Expert Systems age blossoms in the US.1988 AI revenues peak at $1 billion. AI Winter begins.academic $ academic and routineHow Will We Recognize AI?1950 Alan Turing’s paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, described what is now called “The Turing Test”. http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm 1990 Loebner Prize established. Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer whose responses are indistinguishable from a human.The Origins of AI Hype1950 Turing predicted that in about fifty years "an average interrogator will not have more than a 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning". 1957 Newell and Simon predicted that "Within ten years a computer will