MSCI 131 Fall 2014Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Male Reproductive System1. To describe the function of the components of the male reproductive systema. Scrotum – protect and maintain testes at 3 degrees below body tempb. Testes – creates sperm (still immature in testes)c. Seminiferous tubules – coiled tubes inside testes, sustentacular cells protect developing sperm, interstitial cells produce testosteroned. Epididymis – 20’ coiled tube, stores immature sperm after moving from testese. Ductus Deferens – 18” tube from epididymis to prostate, stores mature spermf. Seminal vesicles – glands secrete sugar for sperm energyg. Ejaculatory ducts – continuation of the duct system inside the prostateh. Prostate – accessory gland, secretes acidic fluid wit citric acid, seminalplasmin, and PSAi. Urethra – prostatic, membranous, penile sections – pathway for semenj. Bulbourethral glands – secrete fluid into penile urethra to lubricate head of penis and neutralize acid from urine present in urethrak. Penis – 3 columns of erectile tissue, male sex organ 2. To understand the maladies of the testesa. Cryptorchidism: “hidden testes” i. Incidence: 30% premature males, 1-3% in newbornsii. Etiology unknown, may be related to hormone deficiencyiii. Infertility or sterilityiv. Treatment: orchiopexy to secure testicle in normal positionb. Hydrocele: collection of fluid found anywhere along the length of the processus vaginalisi. Etiology: open processus vaginalisii. Problems: increased scrotum size, block blood flowiii. Can be drained, to prevent raccumulation, the open processus vaginalis needs to be closedc. Testicular torsion: twisting of spermatic cordi. More than 24 hours- survival of testicle doubtfulii. Surgery to untwist and secure to scrotum walld. Testicular cancer – most common tumors of men between 20 and 34 years3. To become familiar with the hormonal control of spermatogenesisa. When sperm is in seminiferous tubules – sustentacular cells provide a blood-testis barrier. There are multiple sperm in one cell. The sperm are developed by exposure to testosterone through the interstitial cells.b. Interstitial cells secrete testosterone, sustentacular (Sertoli) cells secrete ABP, an androgen binding protein – allows induction of spermatogenesis4. To understand the difference between infertility, sterility, and erectile dysfunction (impotence)a. Infertility – inability of male to produce viable sperm or inability of sperm to fertilize eggb. infertility can be reversed, sterility can not; erectile dysfunction – inability to achieve or maintain an erection for intercourse c. ED can be due to psychological factors as well as physical factors5. To understand the maladies of the duct systema. Maladies of duct system (and glands) include: i. Epididymis: epididymitis – inflation of epididymis frequently caused by gonorrhea 1. Antibiotics to treatii. Ductus deferens: vasectomy – small section removed and cut back; can bereversed but chance of pregnancy declines significantly over 15 yearsiii. Seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands not affected by vasectomy6. To describe the disease processes of the prostatea. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH): etiology unknown; urination painful; overgrowth usually removed by TURP or wire filamentb. Prostatic cancer: 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in males in US; symptoms similar to BPH, detection by DREi. Treatment: radiation therapy (inserted through wall of rectum to prostate), prostatectomy, hormone therapy to block testosterone, antiagiogenic drugs to stop blood vessels from forming, IRESSA to inhibit production of growth factor receptor, proton therapy7. To become familiar with some diagnostic procedures of the male reproductive systema. DRE – digital rectal exam, TRU – transrectal ultraonsography; biopsy; blood tests for PSA in blood for cancer8. To understand the developmental abnormalities of the penisa. Male pseudohermaphrodism: chromosomes XY, but inadequate or delayed amounts of testosterone in utero, genitalia appear femaleb. Hypospadias: urethral folds deformed, urethral opening is on underside of penisc. Epispadias: urethra opens on the top of the penis (usually with exstrophy of urinary bladder Female Reproductive System1. To name the components of the female reproductive system2. To describe the function of the components of the female reproductive systema. Ovaries: contain several hundred thousand oogonia, surrounded by protective and nourishing cellsb. Uterine tubes – place of fertilization of oocyte (95% in ampulla); infundibulum “fingers” sweep ovulated oocyte into oviductc. Uterus – thick walled hollow organ; three parts; wall of uterus has three layers – perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium – two layers: deep (stratus basalis) andsuperficial layer (stratus functionalis) is where egg burrows to, also what is sloughed off during menstruation d. Vagina: fibromuscular tube, produces acidic fluid that increases resistance to infectione. External genitalia: to protect the internal organs; vestibular glands secrete mucusnear vaginal opening for lubrication during intercourse; clitoris becomes engorged during sexual arousalf. Breasts and mammary glands: only functional after birth, milk production and secretion dependent on two hormones: prolactin and oxytocin 3. To understand the maladies of the ovariesa. Ovarian cyst – normally no symptoms, large can be painful; real concern is a rupture causing a hemorrhage; can be removed surgically but normally regressb. Ovarian cancer: 4th most common female cancer. 60-80 years. Not diagnosed until metastasized. Detection – Transvaginal sonography (TVS), MRI, CA125 levels in blood or a proteomic fingerprinting; treatment is removal of oviaries, oviducts,uterus4. To become familiar with the hormonal control of oogenesisa. FSH increases number of granulosa cells; LH causes oocyte to divide into secondary oocyte and polar body, release of secondary oocyte, and the development of corpus luteum5. To become familiar with several forms of contraceptiona. Birth control – usually contain mestranol (synthetic estrogen) and either norethynodrel or norethinodrone (synthetic progesterone) hormones go to brain and brain stops producing FSH and LH to prevent release of oocyteb. Morning after pill – sold by prescription, much higher doses of hormones than birth control; unclear how they prevent pregnancy – changes in lining of uterus, inhibit