MSCI M131 Lecture 13(Unit 3)Outline of Current lectureI. ObesityCurrent LectureI. Obesitya. Factors that affect energy expenditurei. Heart conditions/ physical abilities, profession and work environment, BMR (gender, height, weight), posture (sitting, standing, etc.), temperature of environment, diet (calories burned during digestion), financial status (SES issues such as time to work out or money to eat healthfully), thyroid hormone imbalanceb. Control of appetitei. Damage to the hypothalamus can cause gross abnormalities in appetite1. Prader- Willi syndrome: rare genetic disorder that causes insatiable appetite2. Hypothalamic lesions: or damage to the hypothalamus, cause by brain tumors or stroke – loss or gain of appetite depending on which parts were damaged3. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia – much more complex than just the hypothalamus – the frontal cortex makes decisions; social environmentii. Specific neurotransmitters within the brain/ hypothalamus1. Neuropeptide Y: thought to be involved in increasing food intake and fat storage2. Serotonin – mood regulation3. CART – cocaine and amphetamines suppress appetite thorugh thistransmitter 4. Anandamide – molecule in brain that acts like THC, appetite stimulantc. Peripheral inputs to the appetite control centeri. Distention of the stomach or small bowel – sends message its fullii. Various blood hormone levels These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Chylocystokin: fat calls for this hormone, sends this to hypothalamus to suppress appetite2. Hormones released from fat cells (adipocytes): sending adipokines3. Leptin: sends message that there is enough fat in the body and to stop eatinga. Made by adipose tissueb. More fat gain, the less sensitive the receptors areiii. Ghrelin – hormone made in stomach wall when empty1. Hypothalamus has access to blood and its hormonesiv. Bariatric surgery connects esophagus to miniscule piece of stomach and then to the small intestine – eliminates ghrelinv. Adiponectin – greatest impact when thin: tells systems that are responsive to insulin to increase sensitivity1. Risky to use as a weight loss drug before studies are done on its effects on natural production of adiponectin and the sensitivity of its