OCNG 251 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Summary of Emails 1 An asteroid will safely fly passes on Sunday September 7 distance equivalent to about one tenth of the distance between Earth and the moon over New Zealand The asteroid about 60ft in diameter was too small to be seen with naked eye 2 Curiosity the first roving analytical laboratory on Mars has been cruising around Mars in the past two years drilling rocks looking at soil and photographing layered outcrops Curiosity caught an image of clouds which are composed of ice crystals and water droplets 3 In the deep sea they are many scary creatures including Frilled shark Gulper eel Fangtooth fish Pacific viperfish Humpback anglerfish Stargazer fish Giant spider crab Giant isopod Goblin shark Giant squid Terrible claw lobster Megamouth shark 4 A ship from the Franklin expedition which disappeared in the 1840s was found by Canadian authorities To search for the ship they used controlled unmanned submarines and an array of sonar technology including synthetic aperture multibeam and side scan Chapter 1 History of Ocean Exploration and Ocean Science I The early voyages Polynesian exploration Mediterranean Sea Red Sea and Indian Ocean back to 2000 B C Established Med trade routes by 500 B C Reached S African Cape of Good Hope by 590 B C Navigated as far north as the British Isles II Discoveries of the Greeks and Romans Mediterranean view of the World earliest recorded sea voyage of Greeks and Romans when there is evidence of sea trading between the Greek mainland and the Aegean island of Melos Greek Herodotus made a map that centered around the Mediterranean Sea Greek Pytheas determined the means of latitude and longitude Greek Eratosthenes determined the circumference of the earth with extreme accuracy for his time Roman Seneca developed the hydrologic cycle Greek Pytolemy created a map of the Roman world that had the latitude and longitude III The Dark Middle Ages and the loss of knowledge Library at Alexandria Egypt sacked and burned under Roman rule in AD 415 700 000 scrolls lost Fall of the Roman Empire AD 476 Suppression of scientific inquiry counter to religious Advances in agriculture technology and capitalism in Western Europe Progress in medicine astronomy mathematics philosophy carried on by Arabs and Chinese IV European exploration Vikings to Columbus to Nansen Beagle Challenger and Fram A Vikings Vikings had excellent ships and good navigation skills Vikings actively explored the Atlantic Ocean Erik the Red Thorvaldson sailed westward from Iceland and discovered Greenland Bjarni Herjolsson first Viking to see Newfoundland Leif Eriksson sailed from Greenland to a portion in North America Vinland B Columbus voyage financed by Spanish monarchs to find new route to the East Indies inspired other navigators did not have a good estimation of the earth s circumference C Circumnavigation of the World Ferdinand Magellan began circum navigating the world on Sept 20 1519 Sebastian del Cano completed the trip on Sept 6 1522 after Magellan died D James Cook had several voyages mapped previously unknown islands searched for the northwest passage first person to cross the Antarctic Circle made the first accurate maps using a precise chronometer needed to accurately determine longitude E Charles Darwin Voyage of HMS Beagle 1831 36 Observed and described the life history of coral reefs Based on many observations he developed his theory of natural selection Basis of his book The Origin of Species F Challenger Expedition The British Challenger expedition 1872 76 was the first entirely devoted to science and was spurred by Charles Darwin s work on the HMS Beagle V Determination of latitude and longitude where on Earth are we A Angular Measurement The basic component is the degree It can be further divided into units called minutes which can further be divided into smaller units called seconds 1 degree 60 minutes 1 minute 60 seconds B Latitude Easy to determine at sea by measuring the position of the sun and stars using a sextant C Longitude Hart to find since it was necessary to find the time difference between a reference meridian and when the sun was directly overhead of a ship at sea noon 15 longitude hour Ch 1 Origins of Universe Earth Oceans and Life I The Nebular Hypothesis and the formation of our Solar System all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed mostly of hydrogen and helium the sun began to form magnetic fields and turbulence worked with the force of gravity to concentrate particles as the nebular matter that formed the Sun contracted the material of the eddies was the beginning of the protoplanets II A B C D Speed of light and distance scales scientific notation for big numbers Appendix speed of light is 299 792 km s or 186 282 mi s Our galaxy the Milky Way is about 100 000 light years in diameter Mean Earth Sun distance 1 5 x 108 km Mean Earth Moon distance 384 000 km E scientific notation example for trillion is 1 10 13 III Stratification and the layered structure of the Earth A Density Stratification As Earth began to cool and coalesce heavier materials such as iron and nickel migrated toward the center Lighter materials such as silicon oxygen aluminum and potassium remained near the surface B Chart with Earth s Layer Layers Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Outer core Inner core Composition Rigid granite basaltic rock in outer layer Plastic silicate materials Rigid silicate materials Liquid iron with sulfur nickel Rigid iron with sulfur nickel Depth 100km 60mi 700km 430mi 2885km 1800mi 5155km 3200 mi 6371km 3960mi IV Sources of water and salt in the ocean A Source of water Earth s water was derived from outgassing B Salinity in the Oceans a lot of rainfall that landed on the Earth s rocky surface dissolved many elements and compounds and carried them into newly form forming oceans the high carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide content in the early atmosphere would have created a high level of salinity in the ocean V The early atmosphere and differences from today Earth s atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2 45 billion years ago now the world is not an oxygen free world not a lot of existence of anaerobic bacteria cyanobacteria altered the composition of the atmosphere VI Heterotrophs autotrophs chemosynthesis and photosynthesis A Heterotrophs Organisms that depend on an external food supply a fermenting bacteria B Autotrophs Organisms that do not depend on an external food supply but