OCNG 251Exam #4 Study Guide Ch. 13 Biological Productivity:I. Photosynthesis and respirationPhotosynthesis Respirationproduces food consumes foodstores energy releases energyconsumes H2O produces H2Oconsumes CO2 produces CO2releases O2 consumes O2light-dependent light-independent- In Photosynthesis plant cells capture light energy and store it as sugars- The photosynthetic reaction is reversible (respiration!)II. Diatoms, coccolithophores and dinoflagellates: primary producers with distinctive characterA. Diatoms: Micro (tiny) algae; Length = 50µm; When they divide asexually the test splitsinto two parts like a pillbox…Each half becomes a new diatom…Tests are made of silica (SiO2) – glass; most productive group of marine algaeB. Coccolithophores: covered with small calcareous plates called cocoliths made out of calcium carbonate; live in temperate and warmer surface watersC. Dinoflagellates: possess flagella structures for locomotion; tests made out of cellulose which is biodegradable; are in favorable areas for photosynthetic productivity; great abundance they color surface waters redIII. Harmful algal blooms (“red tides”)- Red tides and algal blooms that do not color the water red but are detrimental to marineanimals, humans, and the environment- toxic blooms can kill marine life and people who eat contaminated seafood IV. Primary production: polar, mid-latitude and equatorial differences in productionA. Polar Regions: Productivity peaks during the summer and is limited by sunlightB. Mid-latitude: Productivity peaks in the spring and fall and is limited by a lack of solar radiation in the winter and lack of nutrients in the summerC. Tropical Regions: Productivity is low year around and is limited by nutrientsV. Factors affecting distribution of productivity in the oceans (light, nutrients…)A. Light: Photosynthesis cannot proceed unless light energy is availableB. Nutrients: the distribution of life through the ocean’s bredth and depth depend mainly in the distribution of nutients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, silica that phytoplankton need VI. Ecosystems and biotic communities: producers and consumersA. Producers: some algae and bacteriaB. Consumers: Heterotrophs VII. Food chains and food webs- Food web: When a consumer eats foods from different trophic levels complex feeding relationships develop- Food chains interconnect in a feeding sequence known as a food web, which represents a network of food chains and, thus, provides stability to the ecosystem- Each species in an ecosystem can choose from a variety of food sources in a food webVIII. Energy flow and transfer efficiency in trophic systems- Energy flow is unidirectional- As biomass moves through the food chain, there are losses at each level, such that only a small percentage ultimately reaches the highest trophic levels- Typical transfer efficiency: 10%IX. World fisheries and overfishing; maximum sustainable yieldA. World Fisheries and overfishing:Overfishing: harvesting so much biomass that the remaining stock cannot reproduce fastenough to replenish itself (about 30% of the world’s fish stocks are now officially ‘overfished’)B. Maximum sustainable yield: maximum amount of biomass that can be removed yearlyand still be sustained by the ecosystemCh. 14 and 15 Pelagic and Benthic Animals:I. Strategies for survival: floating, swimming, buoyancy adjustments- mobility (lunging versus cruising)- high swimming speed- high body temperature- Bioluminescence - schooling - synopsis II. Soft (gelatinous) critters: jellies, anemones; medusoid and polypoid shapes- inhabit the lower zonesIII. Types of symbiosis- Commensalism - smaller or less dominant participant benefits without harming its host- Mutualism - both participants benefit- Parasitism - the parasite benefits at the expense of its hostIV. Swimmers and squirters: squid, fish, adaptations for mobility and speedA. Squids move by trapping water in their mantle cavity between their pin like shellB. Fish send a wave of curvature along their bodies to produce a forward trustV. Migration and spawning of anadromous and catadromous speciesA. Anadrmous spawn in freshwater and then migrate into the ocean to grow into maturityB. Catadromous: does the opposite - lives in fresh water and enters salt water to spawn. Most of the eels are catadromous.VI. White vs pink muscle tissue in fish- most of the muscles in a fish consist of white muscles- most salmon species these are pink- ted muscles are aerobic while the white muscle is mostly anaerobicVII. Mammals: sirenia, pinnipeds, fissipeds, cetaceansA. Sirenia: small order, composed of just two extant families, Dugongidae and Trichechidae, with four current speciesB. Pinnipeds: animals in the infraorder Pinnipedia, which is under the the order Carnivora and suborder Caniformia; include all the seals, sea lions and the walrusC. Fissipeds: “split-footed” members of the order Carnivora, and are more closely relatedto terrestrial carnivoresD. Cetaceans: order Cetacea includes the marine mammals commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoisesVIII. Baleen and toothed whales and their differencesA. Baleen: whales, or odontoceti, include sperm whales, porpoises and dolphins: active predators using echolocationB. Toothed: whales, or mysticeti (“moustached” whales) have baleen instead of teeth: cruisers and “strainers”C. Deep diving and echolocation abilitiesDeep Diving:- Ability to store oxygen for deep dives- Ability to reduce oxygen demand- Low susceptibility to nitrogen narcosisEcholocation: When the sound strikes an object, some of the energy of the sound wave is reflected back towards the dolphinD. Feeding, reproduction and migration habitsMigration: the migration route of the Pacific Gray Whale is often described as the longest known mammal migration in the animal kingdom and is easily observed along the California coastlineIX. Reproduction strategies: mammals, arthropods, fish- Oviparous (most fish and invertebrates): lay eggs that hatch into larval forms. Strategy: lay lots of eggs and hope a few survive- Ovoviparous: Some fish and arthropod females keep their fertilized eggs “aboard” until they hatch (e.g. lobster)- Viviparous: Mammals give birth to live young, provide placental nourishment to the embryo through an umbilical cord, and (usually) post-partum nourishment by nursing. Strategy: develop and protect a few offspring and help most of them surviveX. Benthic examples: oysters and coral