BIOL 140 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (August 26)Introduction to the Periodic TableDetermine the mass of a molecule composed of different atoms based on information in the periodic table. Distinguish between atoms with different numbers of valence shell electrons. Predict the number of bonds an atom can form based on the number of valence shell electrons. Predict the types of bonds based on the electronegativity of the atoms involved. Calculate the grams of a molecule necessary to have a specific concentration in solution. Explain the solubilityof different types of molecules in an aqueous environment. Explain the types of bonds that can form and the role of electronegativity in bond formation and the ability of water to affect the strength of certain bonds. Explain how different functional groups affect molecular properties.Determining the mass of a molecule based on the periodic table:- Find the atomic weight (usually located under the atomic symbol)- Multiply atomic weight by the number of atoms.- Add the products; check for correct number of sig figso Example: NH4: N= 14.007x1=14.007o H4= 1.008x4=4.032o 4.032+14.007=18.039= 14.04Distinguish between atoms with different numbers of valence shell electrons:- Look at the atomic number corresponding with the given element to find the number of electrons; divide electrons amongst the orbitals; look at the column of the periodic tablethe element sits in to find the number of electrons in the valence shell.Determining atomic bonds based on valence shell electrons:- Count the number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell; that is the number of bonds the atom can make.o Example: Hydrogen has only one valence electron; therefore it can make seven bonds.Calculating the grams of a molecule necessary to have a specific concentration in solution:- Molarity = moles of solute ÷ liters of solution- One mole= 6.022x1023 molecules (equal to molecular weight in grams)Explain the solubility of different types of molecules in an aqueous environment:- Cohesion- two like substances binding together- Adhesion – two different substances binding togetherTypes of bonds and the role of electronegativity:- Ionic:o Between positive and negative ions (Ion- number of protons doesn’t equal number of electrons)o Often disrupted by water; hydrophilico Usually very strong- Covalent:o When atoms borrow and share valence electrons (can be single, double, or triple bonds)o If an atom has more electrons, the shared electron(s) may spend an unequal amount of time between the two atoms; these are polar moleculeso Nonpolar=equal sharing of electrons- Hydrogen:o Generally not very strongo Based on a wide variety of partial chargesHow different functional groups affect molecular properties:- Functional groups have characteristic chemical and physical properties- Can be divided into acidic, basic, neutral polar, neutral nonpolarLecture 2 (August 28) Introduction to Amino Acids and ProteinsExplain the characteristics that amino acids share and draw the basic structure. Distinguish and group amino acids on the basis of their “R-groups.” Explain the physical characteristics of the individual “R-groups” and how the R group influences interaction with the environment (solvent). Estimate the net charge on any individual amino acid at neutral pH and explain how it would migrate in an electric field. Draw the structure of the peptide bond. Explain the different levels of protein structure and the relationship between them: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Explain the basis for protein versatility in acting as catalysts facilitating chemical reactions.Explain shared characteristics of amino acids, their basic structure:- Amine group, carboxyl group, R-group, a hydrogen atom-Grouping amino acids based on their “R-groups,” explaining the physical characteristics of each group and its interactions with the environment:- Nonpolar side chain group:o No charge or electronegativeo Won’t bond with water Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine  Methionine Cysteine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Proline- Polar side chain group:o Partial chargeso Can form hydrogen bonds Serine Threonine Tyrosine Asparagine Glutamine- Electrically charged side chain group:o Charged side chainso Can form hydrogen or ionic bondso Acidic:  Aspartate Glutamateo Basic: Lysine  Arginine Histidine Estimate the net charge of any amino acid at neutral pH:- Observe the R-group to estimate the net chargePeptide bond structure:- The bond between the amine group and carboxyl groupo N-CExplain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure levels:- Primary: lowest level: sequence of amino acids;Explain the basis for protein versatility in acting as catalysts facilitating chemical reactions:- Proteins can hold mold molecules in place in order to make a reaction faster.- Proteins can arrange molecules to speed up matching.Lecture 3 (September 2)Nucleic AcidsBe able to distinguish between purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides. Describe the interactions between bases that form double stranded DNA. Make predictions about the physical properties of double stranded DNA considering the sequence of one of the two strands. Deduce the sequence of the complementary strand when you know the sequence of a single stranded molecule. Predict relative melting temperatures of double stranded DNA molecules based on the base composition. Explain the concepts of major and minor grooves. Be able to explain how the structure of DNA contributes to the understanding of how DNA is replicated. Distinguishing between purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides and nucleotides:- Purines-o A’s and G’s because purine is as PURE As Gold!o Made of a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring (a pyrimidine ring and an imidazole ring), containing nitrogeno 5 carbon, 4 hydrogen, 4 nitrogen- Pyrimidines-o T’s and C’so Only a six-membered nitrogen-containing ringo 4 carbon, 4 hydrogen, 2 nitrogen- Nucleosides:o A sugar added to a nitrogen baseo Nucleotide minus the phosphate group- Nucleotides:o Five-carbon sugar, phosphate group(s), nitrogenous baseDescribe the interactions between DNA bases:- A’s and T’s:o Weaker bond because there are only two hydrogen bonds between them- G’s and C’s:o Three hydrogen bondso High