BIO 140 1st EditionExam # 2 Study GuideTopic 1Inside the Cell- Molecular “zip codes” aid material transport within a cell.- The cell’s cytoskeleton provides a structural framework within the cell, and plays a role in cell division, movement, and transport.- Morphology: a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.o Two broad groupings of life:  Prokaryotes, which lack a membrane-bound nucleus Eukaryotes, which have a nucleuso Within these, according to phylogeny, or evolutionary history, there are three separate domains: Bacteria - prokaryotic Archaea - prokaryotic Eukarya – eukaryotic- Prokaryotes:o Made of: Plasma membrane A single chromosome Ribosomes, which synthesize proteins Stiff cell wallo Instead of a membrane-bound nucleus, they contain a region with one supercoiled chromosome that consists of one DNA strand and a few proteinso Many also contain plasmids, which are smaller DNA moleculeso Some also have flagella, tail-like limbs that assist in movement- Eukaryotes:o Can be uni- or multi-cellular o Generally larger than prokaryotes; the large size makes it harder for molecules to make it all the way across the cello The nucleus- the “brain” of the cell; holds DNA; surrounded by double-membrane nuclear envelope; processes info; site of ribosomal RNA synthesiso Ribosomes: protein synthesis; contains RNA molecules and protein; either connected to Rough ER or floating in the cytosolo Endomembrane system: consists of smooth and rough ER and the GolgiApparatus; primary site for protein and lipid synthesiso Peroxisomes: center of oxidation reactions; forms compounds used for energy storageo Lysosomes: in animal cells; used for waste processing and digestion; they receive material by: Phagocytosis, Autophagy, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis BIO 140 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guideo Vacuoles: in plant cells; used for digestion and/or storage of water and/or ionso Chloroplasts: in plant cells; performs photosynthesiso Cytoskeleton: organizes inner-cellular structures; 3 elements: Actin filaments (microfilaments) and interaction with myosin, Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules and cilia and flagellao Mitochondria: mainly used for ATP production- Endocytosis: vesicles bring outside material into the cell- Exocytosis: Certain proteins are taken to the cell surface in vesicles to release their contents- Pinocytosis: brings fluids into the cellTopic 2 Energy and Enzymes- Reactions:o Endergonic- a reaction that yields products high in potential energyo Exergonic- a reaction that releases energyo Spontaneous- if a reaction is not driven by an outside force- Calculating free energy of coupled reactions:o Free energy: the energy that can be converted to worko To calculate, the overall free energy is the sum of individual free energies of each reactiono Free energy of a reaction equation: the change in the enthalpy (ΔH) of the system minus the product of the temperature (Kelvin) and the change in entropy (ΔS) of the system: ΔG= ΔH-TΔS- The effect of enzymes on chemical reactions:o They bring the reactants closer together, chemical bonds may be weakened and reactions will proceed faster than without the catalyst. They also lower the energy required for starting the reaction which means the reaction can then take place at a lower temperature, in the presence of less light- Adenosine nucleotides:o