ANTH 205 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 7 Analyzing Sociocultural Systems Etic vs Emic Perspective Etic Perspective outsider s objective quantifiable data used to analyze culture of a society Emic Perspective insider s view of his or her own society and culture What are the 7 components of anthropology used to analyze cultural systems 1 Subsistence and Physical Environment a Use adaptation to adjust to environment b Subsistence patterns means by which people in various societies obtain their food supplies i Biome determines subsistence ii Types of subsistence hunter gather agriculture horticulture pastoralism agribusiness 2 Demography a Study of population and its relationship to society b Defined using 3 terms i Fertility ii Mortality iii Migration 1 Push Factors make people want to leave poverty warfare etc 2 Pull Factors incentives for moving to other societies peace freedom etc c Life expectancy number of years average person is expected to live i Infant mortality rate and childhood mortality rate d Fecundity potential of children women in the society are capable of bearing e Carrying Capacity Maximum population that a specific environment can support 3 Technology a All human techniques methods of searching a specific subsistence goal or of modifying or controlling the natural environment i Goods elements of culture produced from raw materials in the natural environment ii Services elements of nonmaterial culture such as specialized skills that benefit others 4 Economy a Consists of social relationships that organize the production exchange and consumption of goods services b Division of labor consists of specialized economic roles occupations and activities c Formalist Approach maintains that all economic systems are fundamentally similar and can be compared with one another d Substantivist Approach maintains that the ways of allocating goods and services differ between small scale and large scale economic systems 5 Social Structure a Provides framework for all human societies b Status recognized position that one occupies i Socioeconomic differences in social and economic things ii Ascribed attached to a person from birth or assumed involuntarily later in life iii Achieved based in someone s voluntary actions c Role set of behavior patterns obligations and norms attached to a specific status d Family of Orientation is the one in which you were born in Family of Procreation is the one you create by either having kids or adopting them e Nuclear Family is composed of 2 parents and immediate offspring Extended Family is composed of parents kids and other kin bounded by a social unit f Families are good for i Physical emotional and economic support ii Enculturation and nurturing of kids iii Regulation of sexual activity g Marriage involves economic cooperation social obligations rights duties and sometimes culturally approved sexual activity h Endogamic Marriage is between people of the same social group or category Exogamic Marriage is between people of different groups i Monogamy marriage between two individuals Polygamy plural marriage i Polygyny many wives Polyandry many husbands j Sex is what you were born with Gender is what you identify yourself as k Men and women have different roles in society l Age is a universal principle used to prescribe social status in sociocultural systems i Age Stratification unequal allocation of wealth power and prestige among people of different ages ii Age Grades statuses defined by age through which a person moves as he she ages 1 Ex Infancy preschool kindergarten elementary intermediate etc m 3 phases in Rites of Passage i Separation structure transforms people from one age status to another ii Marginality liminality places people in temporary state of transition or ambiguity iii Aggregation reincorporation individuals assume their new status 6 Political Organization a Band i Least complex and oldest ii Political institutions based on close kinship relations with a fairly small group of people b Tribe i More complex societies with political institutions that unite a large group of people ii Develop along with food production c Chiefdom i More complex more formal more centralized ii Establish authority over many communities through variety of complex economic social and religious institution organized according to kinship d State i Political institutions with centralized bureaucracy to establish power and authority over large groups not based on kinship 7 Religion a Humans learn religious traditions through enculturation b Anthropologists not interested in truth or falsity of religious beliefs i focus on relationship of doctrine beliefs to aspects of cognition emotion and society c Components of Religion i Myths people s assumed knowledge about the universe and their place in it ii Rituals repetitive behavior that communicates sacred symbols to members of society iii Religious Specialists certain individuals who possess specialized religious knowledge iv Religious Movements major variables that induce societal change Chapter 8 Band Societies What is Cultural Evolution Idea that cultures increased in complexity and size over time from bands to states Idea that things got better over time states better than tribes What are the characteristics of hunter gather societies like bands Small groups Low population density Social organization based on kin Highly nomadic subsistence strategies Loosely defines territorial boundaries Fissioning Low fertility rates Travel in pursuit of subsistence mobility Constant circulation of material goods Infanticide and geriontacide What is a forager Where to they reside a Enmeshed in process of globalization b Live in limited marginal areas such as artic regions forests and deserts can t produce own food What are the various forms of reciprocity in the economy a General Reciprocity based upon assumptions that an immediate return is not expected and that the value of exchanges will balance out in the long run b Balanced Reciprocity more utilitarian and like trade and barter c Negative Reciprocity attempt to get something for nothing d Collective Ownership common wealth everybody shares How were marriages set up for foraging societies a Commonly monogamy b Young women marry older men usually cross cousins c Must live in patriarchal husbands residence d Brideservice male resides for amount of time with wife s parents band matrilocal residence a Husbands helps wife s band in subsistence activities b Particularly done