CLAS 231Exam # 1 Study Guide on Greek Religion, Democracy, Society, and Daily LifeGreek Religion- Myth – in literature what it means to be human/mortal- Religion – specific beliefs and practices- Savagery/magic -> Greek -> Christianity- Homer, Hesiod “The Theogeny”- Two main aspects- - 1. Polytheistic – belief in many gods- - 2. Anthropomorphic – gods give human qualities; Zeus is the guardian of justice- Pantheon – 12 Olympians “Dode Katheon”- 12 Olympians: Athena, Hermes, Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Hephaistos, sometimes Dionysus and Hades- No sacred book of revealed truth- No institutionalized clergy- No concept of salvation- No devil- Conflicting traditions- No atheists- For the afterlife, you must dispose of the body properly for them to cross the River of Styx- Religion was a contract: appease a god to avoid earthly punishment or to gain favor- Animal sacrifice: fowl, sheep, pigs, oxen (most valuable)- Not omniscient; omnipotent- Sanctuaries- Caduceus – symbol of medicine- Mystery cults – happy afterlife- - Eleusinia Mysteries – Demeter and Persephone- Oracles: Dodona of Zeus and Delphi of ApolloDemocracy and Political Man- “Politics” by Aristotle- Politikos – “polis” – fit to live in a community- City-states – 850-650 BC- Wealthy landowners – “aristoi” aristocracy- Oligos = the few- Archo = to rule- 621 BC – Draco’s Code – written set of laws and equal application- Solon (638-558 BC) – forefather of democracy- - allowed property rights- - canceled all debts- - wealth vs. birth criteria for holding office- - ended slavery by debt- - assembly of all citizens (free males) and Boule (council)- Aereopagus – law deciders for life, decides homicides- 546 BC Peisitrates, tyrant- - Panathenaia, created first standardized Homeric epics- Cleisthenes – “father of Athenian Democracy”- - 510 BC divided Attica into 10 “demes”- - insonomia – equality of privilege before law- - isegoria – equality of address- Assembly (Ekklesia) – main gov body of free male- - “direct democracy”- - vote by hand- - met every 9 days at Pnyx Hill- - oratory- Hereopagus – law court for homicide, Hill of Ares- Ephialtes – creates jury system- - Agora – marketplace- Pericles (461-429 BC) – Age of Pericles- - Golden Age of Athens- - invited artists and scholars499- 479 BC Persian WarsDelian LeagueParthenonFuneral Oration (430 BC)- Democratic constitution- Equality before law- Achieve by merit- Dedication to individual- Love of beauty, knowledge without empty ornament- Commercial cultural center of the worldKnow Solon’s law code and PericlesGreek Society1. population- freeborn citizens (common, noble, women) 130,000- metics (foreign) 70,000- slaves 300,000Men at least 30 to serve as gov officials2. householdAristotle – PoliticsOikos – economicsWomen – literature texts written by men and art created by men“next of kin” rule – uncles and nieces marriedMarriage was a business contract, dowry, marriage pledgeStrict laws against adulteryWomen took care of funerals and religious ceremoniesAlmost no written record of slavesAttitude about sex was more open for menEducation- Gymnasium – physical training for boys, reading and writing, music, mathematics, oratory and rhetoric- Panhellenic Games – institution of Greek identity- - religion- - arête – excellenceOlympic Games 776 BC-AD 393 founded by Hercules- After completing 12 labors, honoring Zeus- Every four years is an Olympiad- SacrificesPythian Games 582 BC honor Apollo (light, prophecy, arts)Nemean Games 537 BC honor Zeus- Wreath was celery leavesIsthman Games 582 BC founded by Sisyphes of