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WVU CLAS 231 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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CLAS 231 Exam 2 Midterm Study Guide 776 BC first Olympics Aristotle gave us words like plot and protagonist Romans named Greeks Graci they called themselves Hellenes from Hellas 3000 BC starts Bronze Age until 1100 BC 1600 14002 Minoans first major civilization Crete King Minos Maze labyrinth Mycenaeans 1600 1100 the first Greeks spoke early Greek 1100 Dark Ages 800 Archaic polis city states 750 BC Greek Alphabet comes from Phoenician 700 western literature Homer Illiad and Odyssey 1184 BC Trojan War 500 400 Classical Age of Greece 499 479 Persian Wars Alexander the Great Ptolemy was his general died 323 Hellenistic Age 146 BC Romans conquer Greeks descended from Indo Euro Homeric Greek Classical Greek Koine means common 0 6th century AD used to write New Testament Translate one language to another Transliterate one alphabet to another Literature Homer and Homeric Tradition Rhapsodes travelling entertainers recited for illiterates Homer blind had inner vision Homeric Question he composed but did not write Illiad 730 and Odyssey 710 composed by hundreds of poets unified nature depended on oral tradition 650 first standard version of the poems Myceneians 1600 1100 Homer combines customs of Mycenian Age with own age Epithet noun and adjective examples cloud gathering Zeus rosy fingered dawn ox eyed Hera wine dark sea Formulaic phrases in media res in progress Invocation of the muse Illiad story of Ilios wrath of Achilles 40 days 9th year of war Ar te virtue excellence Odysseus intelligence and slyness devotion to family and country females favored Choral performances called dityrambs Classical Age 499 404 BC Theatron seeing place Aeschylus 525 456 BC Persian Wars 499 479 BC Second actor Reduced chorus Sophocles 496 406 BC Oedipus Antigone Free will vs fate Euripides 485 406 BC Human motivation and daily life Internal conflict Unappreciated in life Medea Aristophanes 450 385 BC Comic Satirized Sexual Lysistrata 411 BC The Wasps lawsuits Actors all men wore huge robes and platforms Structure Prologue Parados chorus enters Episodes Stasima Exodus Greek Science 6th century Thinkers ascribe natural events not to gods but forces natural philosophy Ionia Miletus crossroads of culture and trade wealth revolution Weak priestly class democracy Pre Socratics early scientists natural laws vs gods science and philosophy separate texts are fragmented Compilations 1 Thales 624 546 BC first scientist water is basis of everything all objects had soul life force weather predictions tremors were not Poseidon fell in a well and died 2 Anaximander 610 546 BC first prose works On the Nature of Things apeiron basic material that is infinite known by mind opposites emerged living beings emerged from the sea thunder lightning from wind not Zeus 3 Anaximenes 585 528 BC air basic stuf speech must have an object 4 Xenophanes 570 475 BC one divine force 5 Pythagoras 570 495 BC first to call philosopher Reincarnation music of spheres all is number ratio 6 Heraclitus 535 475 BC eternal rational order Plurality of opposition A exists in presence of not A fire is element of change 7 Empedocles 490 430 BC composed of earth air fire water Eros reproductive force 8 Leucippus and Democritus 5th century atomic theory sizes shapes constant motion 9 Anaxagoris 500 428 portion of everything in everything sun not Hyperion moon shines by reflected light 10 Archimedes 287 212 BC pi to greater accuracy formula for volume Eureka and screw pump Medicine Sickness and cures held by gods Medical knowledge emerge through observation and experiments 500 BC cult to god Aesculapius learned healing from Chiron the centaur Scientific method Hippocrates 460 370 Father of medicine Founded med school Hippocratic Corpus med texts 4 humors bile black bile blood phlegm First controlled med experiment Hippocratic Oath set of standards Philosophy 1 Sophists itinerant influence change in thought about authority 2 Socrates 469 399 no writings learn about him from Plato began as sculptor study ideas and nature of life science and philosophy split what one thinks one knows but does not married to Xanthippe no charge for his teachings accused of not believing in traditional gods anti democratic corrupting youth sentenced to death martyr trial and death in three dialogues 3 Plato 427 347 wealthy family Dialogues of Plato contained two or more people The Republic dialogue with Socrates humanity not happy unless rated by philosopher kings Theory of Ideas Forms Everything had an ideal perfect form Perfect class Everything is imperfect reflection Soul 1 intellectual best spirit appetitive worst 4 Aristotle 384 322 tried to organize fields of knowledge into manageable subjects father physician to king of Macedon at 18 to Athens to study Academy Philip II invites Aristotle to tutor son Alexander the Great then Ptolemy and Cassander politics justification for monarchy if king had more virtue than people 335 back to Athens establishes school Lyceum Doctrine of the four causes form matter efficient cause final cause Nicomachean Ethics doctrine of mean you can choose degrees between opposites Greek Art and Architecture 1184 start of Trojan War 800 Greek Alphabet 499 400 Acropolis 323 146 death of Alexander the Great Romans loved Greek culture adapted Greek art 4 periods 1 Geometric eastern looking pottery and statues Egyptian like battle scenes 2 Archaic 800 600 black figure vase technique black on red Sculpture had three figures standing nude youth standing clothed girl seated woman No distinction between religious and secular art Ideal of human beauty No statues of real human 3 Classical 5th and 4th century Poses in sculptures are natural 500 BC real people portrayed Temple period Great building by Pericles Phiedias most famous sculptor oversaw building of Parthenon Architects Ictinus and Callicrates Parthenos Zeus at Olympia ivory hammered gold 1958 found tools molds and cup with name on it Praxiteles made first female nudes Aphrodite of Cnidos Greek Temple Architecture Parthenon 447 438 BC Vividly painted Rectilinear Tapered columns Elgin Marbles British Museum 3 types of columns doric plain undecorated capital ionic capital shaped like scroll Corinthian ornamental capital distinct latest most popular with Romans 4 Hellenistic 323 2nd BC Winged Victory of Samothrace Nike in Louvre 190 BC by Alexandros of Antioch Venus de Milo 130 100 in Louvre Vatican Museum holds Laocoon 160 20 BC found in 1506 near Colisseum beware of Greece even bearing gifts


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