Concepts to Know:1) Anthropologya. Understand what anthropology does and what the focus of research is Study of human species and human behavior. Help solve problems among humansb. Know the four subfields as well as academic versus applied research Biological, linguistic, archaeology, cultural. Academic – grants and university research. Applied – practical use of anthropological work. Aimed at influencing human behavior and social conditionsc. Understand what anthropological fieldwork is, the techniques, the role in research -Working directly with the subject that you are studying. Involves a longitudinal approach, direct involvement, data collection.-Site Identification - collecting data over a large area to determine answers to certain research questions.-Excavation - Complements site identification, map and collect surface matter, subdivide the area, find artifacts.-Ethnographic Fieldwork - directly studying a current group of people. Must followcode of ethics. Involves interviews, participant-observation, emic vs. etic, genealogical studies, life histories, key consultants2) Culturea. Know how we define and understand what culture is in anthropology Culture is shared behavior among groups of peopleb. Identify and describe the different traits of culture Learned, shared, uses symbols, converts natural behaviors into traditional customs, all encompassing (includes all aspects of human behavior), integrated, adaptive and maladapted (cultural aspects are learned from others and some of these are harmful), individual practice (humans have the ability to change the way they participate in cultural customs)c. Understand the different aspects of cultural behavior Universals, generals, particularitiesd. Be able to explain the different forms of culture change Individual innovation, acculturation, globalization, diffusione. Understand what cultural relativism is and its use in anthropology Helps compare different cultures and provides reasoning for the bizarre practicesof other groups of peoplef. Think about the different ways anthropologists theorize about culture 3) Language and culturea. How do we think about defining what human language is? Sounds and gestures that are used to communicate. Can be used to create new words, talk about things that aren’t present, and can be learned and taught to new generationsb. What is language and how is it structured? A language is structured with grammar, which includes the language’s lexicon and syntax and morphologyc. What is the relationship of language and culture?i. Think about what focal vocabularies are and what they mean for a cultureii. What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis say?iii. How does change impact the language and culture relationship?d. Think about how a language reflects cultural beliefs and social organizationi. Gender and languageii. Social status and language4) Modern Theory of Evolutiona. What does the theory of evolution assert?i. Understand the evolution and creationism controversyii. Think about the development of the theoryiii. Know what Darwinian Evolution is, particularly by understanding the principle of natural selectionb. Understand what Mendelian Genetics added to the Theory of Evolutioni. Understand the principles of segregation, dominance and recessive, as well as independent assortment and recombinationc. What does Biochemical Genetics add to the Theory of Evolution?d. Identify the different ways population genetic frequencies can change in terms of natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flowe. How does evolution happen? slowly? quickly? i. What is punctuated equilibrium?f. What are the different concepts that together make up the modern synthesis of evolution?1) Primate Evolution and Primatologya. Know how we place fossils into evolutionary chronology based on dating techniques that determine age and using homologies to define speciesPrimate evolution begins 65 million years ago- Cenozoic era begins- Relative Dating- doesn’t give the exact date; dates specimen relative to each other- Stratigraphy- branch of geology which studies rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). o How earth sediments are deposited over time; bottom is older and top is earlier rock- Absolute Dating- gives a number estimate of the age- molecular mDNA dating- Counting mutations; problem is that it doesn’t take into account radiation - radiometric techniques- measuring loss of unstable radioactive isotopes; ex: carbon 14- Species assigned by Homologies- shared traits inherited from a common ancestor (ex: mammals); o NOT analogies- traits based on independent adaptations (ex: opposable thumbs)b. Understand the shared traits that define primates as an Order and the specific environments to which they evolved.Early Adaptations:- Grasping-o adapted for arboreal life, flexible hands to encircle branches, opposable thumbs- thumb can touch other fingers, grasping feet- Smell to sight-o Shift from smell to sight- Inc. depth of vision and color Stereoscopic- Nose to hand-o Tactile organs to o provide information, mostly by hands- Brain complexity-o Inc. in portions of brain concerned with memory, thought and association. Inc. in brain size and body ratio- Parental investment-o Single births, more attention and learning behaviors- Sociality-o Live in social groups for longer, more attentive care of offspringc. Be knowledgeable of the evolutionary tree for primates, particularly the branches leading to the human species.- Human Taxonomy- - Order: Primates, Suborder: Anthropoids, Infraorder: Catarrhines, Superfamily: Hominoids, Family: Hominids, Tribe: Hominins, Genus: Humans, Species: Homo sapiens (Recent Humans), Subspecies: Homo sapiens sapiens (AMHs)- Pliocene (5 – 2 mya)- 1) First use of stone tools- Oldowan tools Chopper/ Pebble tools Halocene? what separates the different species?d. Think about why we study primatology in anthropology.· Primatology: Primatology provides clues about human behavior and human origins. Anthropological primatology emphasizes primate flexibility and diversity. Primatologists have discovered a diverse repertoire of species, group, and individual behavior, varying across and within primate groups. There is no single model for primate behavior nor a single group which can stand in as definitively representing the most recent common ancestor of contemporary bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans.e. How do the living primates that are