Java Exceptions Cloning Serialization Nelson Padua Perez Chau Wen Tseng Department of Computer Science University of Maryland College Park Overview Review Errors Exceptions Java support Representing exceptions Generating handling exceptions Designing using exceptions 1 Types of Program Errors 1 Syntax compiler errors Errors in code construction grammar types Detected during compilation 2 Run time errors Operations illegal impossible to execute Detected during program execution Treated as exceptions in Java 3 Logic errors Operations leading to incorrect program state May or may not lead to run time errors Detect by debugging code Exception Handling Performing action in response to exception Example actions Ignore exception Print error message Request new data Retry action Approaches 1 Exit program 2 Exit method returning error code 3 Throw exception 2 Problem May not be able to handle error locally Not enough information in method class Need more information to decide action Handle exception in calling function s instead Decide at application level instead of library Examples Incorrect data format ask user to reenter data Unable to open file ask user for new filename Insufficient disk space ask user to delete files Will need to propagate exception to caller s Exception Handling Exit Program Approach Exit program with error message error code Example if error System err println Error found System exit 1 message error code Problem Drastic solution Event must be handled by user invoking program Program may be able to deal with some exceptions 3 Exception Handling Error Code Approach Exit function with return value error code Example A if error return 1 B if retval A 1 return 1 Problems Calling function must check process error code May forget to handle error code May need to return error code to caller Agreement needed on meaning of error code Error handling code mixed with normal code Exception Handling Throw Exception Approach Throw exception caught in parent s catch block Example A if error throw new ExceptionType Java exception backtracks to B caller s until matching catch try block found A catch ExceptionType e action 4 Exception Handling Throw Exception Advantages Compiler ensures exceptions are caught eventually No need to explicitly propagate exception to caller Backtrack to caller s automatically Class hierarchy defines meaning of exceptions No need for separate definition of error codes Exception handling code separate clearly marked Representing Exceptions Exceptions represented as Objects derived from class Throwable Code public class Throwable extends Object Throwable No error message Throwable String mesg Error message String getMessage Return error mesg void printStackTrace Record methods called location 5 Representing Exceptions Java Exception class hierarchy Two types of exceptions checked unchecked Representing Exceptions Java Exception class hierarchy ClassNotFoundException ClassNotFoundException Exception Exception CloneNotSupportedException CloneNotSupportedException IOException IOException AWTException AWTException RuntimeException RuntimeException Object Object Throwable Throwable ArithmeticException ArithmeticException NullPointerException NullPointerException IndexOutOfBoundsException IndexOutOfBoundsException NoSuchElementException NoSuchElementException LinkageError LinkageError VirtualMachoneError VirtualMachoneError Error Error AWTError AWTError Checked Checked Unchecked Unchecked 6 Unchecked Exceptions Class Error RunTimeException Serious errors not handled by typical program Usually indicate logic errors Example NullPointerException IndexOutOfBoundsException Catching unchecked exceptions is optional Handled by Java Virtual Machine if not caught Checked Exceptions Class Exception except RunTimeException Errors typical program should handle Used for operations prone to error Example IOException ClassNotFoundException Compiler requires catch or declare Catch and handle exception in method OR Declare method can throw exception force calling function to catch or declare exception in turn Example void A throws ExceptionType 7 Generating Handling Exceptions Java primitives Try Throw Catch Finally Procedure for using exceptions 1 Enclose code generating exceptions in try block 2 Use throw to actually generate exception 3 Use catch to specify exception handlers 4 Use finally to specify actions after exception Java Syntax try throw new eType1 catch eType1 e action catch eType2 e action finally action try block encloses throws throw jumps to catch catch block 1 run if type match catch block 2 run if type match final block always executes 8 Java Primitive Try Forms try block Encloses all statements that may throw exception Scope of try block is dynamic Includes code executed by methods invoked in try block and their descendents Java Primitive Try Example try A B try block encloses all exceptions in A B exceptions may be caught internally in A B or propagated back to caller s try block void A throws Exception declares exception B void B throws Exception declares exception throw new Exception propagate to caller 9 Java Primitive Throw Indicates exception occurred Normally specifies one operand Object of class Exception When an exception is thrown 1 Control exits the try block 2 Proceeds to closest matching exception handler after the try block 3 Execute code in exception handler 4 Execute code in final block if present Java Primitive Catch Placed after try block Specifies code to be executed for exception Code in catch block exception handler Catch block specifies matching exception type Can use multiple catch blocks for single try To process different types of exceptions First matching catch block executed Superclass may subsume catch for subclass If catch block for superclass occurs first 10 Java Primitive Catch Example class eType1 extends Exception try throw new eType1 catch Exception e Catch block 1 action matches all exceptions catch eType1 e Catch block 2 action matches eType1 subsumed by block 1 will never be executed Java Primitive Catch Can rethrow exception Exception propagated to caller s Example catch ExceptionType e local action for exception throw e rethrow exception propagate exception to caller 11 Java Primitive Finally Placed after try all catch blocks Forms finally block Cleanup code Executed by all exception handlers Try restore program state to be consistent legal Always executed Regardless of which catch block executed Even if no catch block
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