Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTTHE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIAWESTERNIZERS Moderates (Fathers): TIMOFEI GRANOVKSY & NIKOLAI STANKEVICH Mild liberal reform Education & enlightenment Evolutionary approach Radicals (Sons): VISSARION BELINSKY, ALEXANDER HERZEN Revolutionary approach Russian socialismT. GranovskiiN. StankevichV. BelinskyA. HerzenTHE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTPETRASHEVKSY CIRCLE NIKOLAI CHERNYSHEVSKY & FEDOR DOSTOEVSKY Influenced by French Utopian socialism• PHALANSTERIES Transitional group between Moderates & Radicals Arrested 1849N. ChernyshevskyF. DostoevskyCharles FourierTHE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTINCREASING RADICALIZATION Frustrations born from limitations of reforms Sharp break between moderates & radicals in 1860s Rise of NIHILISM, utilitarianism, materialism, critical realism Influenced by LUDWIG FEUERBACH  Advocated emancipation & equality for all, even womenLUDWIG FEUERBACHTHE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTPOPULISM Loose form of socialism Shared desire to help masses Commune as basis of society LAND AND FREEDOM (ZEMLIA I VOLIA): 1870s “TO THE PEOPLE”: NARODNIKI movement “CRAZY SUMMER” of 1874 But movement was failureTHE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTPOPULISM Increasing radicalization Advocacy of violence/terrorism SERGEI NECHAEV: father of political terrorism VERA ZASULICH: shot governeor general of St. Pete Land and Freedom splits, 1878 BLACK REPARTITION PEOPLE’S WILL (NARODNAIA VOLIA)SERGEI NECHAEVVERA ZASULICHTHE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTPEOPLE’S WILL Goal = assassinate high ranking officials of govt.  Main target = Alexander II  Many women involved, even in leadership positions SOFIA PEROVSKAIA VERA FIGNER Numerous failed attempts to kill tsar Finally successful on March 1, 1881VERA FIGNERSOFIA