MENA 160A1 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. History of the origin, collection and structure of the Qur’an, Meccan and Medinan suras (chapters) II. Qur’an as the most reliable source of knowledge; major topics of the Qur’an III. Role of Qur’an in Muslim SocietyOutline of Current Lecture IV. Caliphates (Caliph)V. Sultanates (Sultan)VI. InvadersVII. Empires (Sultan, Shah)European ColonialismVIII. Nation StatesCurrent LectureCaliphates- The first four caliphs (632-661): Medina, Kufa1. Umayyad Caliphate (661-750): Syria 2. ‘Abbasid Caliphate (750-900 [1258]): Baghdad3. Fatimid Caliphate (909-1173): Cairo4. Spanish Umayyad Caliphate (929-1009): Cordova - Some functions of the Caliph:-Caliph is not the Muslim equivalent of the Pope or head of the Muslim Church.-It is misleading to see the Caliphate as a spiritual office.-The caliphate is a religious office mainly in the sense that the purpose of the state itself is religious.- The caliphs are central to the faith in two ways:-Caliphs are the “tent pegs of our religion”.1. There is no Umma without an Imam: It is the leader who constitutes the community. Without him God’s ordinances cannot be implemented.2. The role of the Imam is not only to validate the community of believers but also to be its source of guidance.- Qualifications to become a caliph:-Justice-Knowledge-Physical fitness-Sunnis added descent from Quraysh tribe (including Muhammad’s Hashemite clan and the Ummayads)-Khawarij insisted that even an African slave might qualify.- Initial choice of the caliph was confirmed the bay‘a (agreement or homage) of the community.- The formal acceptance of whoever had been designated by those in power.- Prophets and Caliphs alike are seen as God’s agents, and both dutifully carry out the tasks assigned to them, the former by delivering messages and the latter by putting them into effect.- The caliphs are the legatees of prophets in the sense that they administer something established by them, but they do not owe their authority to them (let alone Muhammadon his own). Their authority comes directly from God.-in other words, formerly God used prophets, now He uses caliphs.- Becoming a Caliph gives you the following powers:-Enforcement of the law-Defense and expansion of the realm of Islam (dar al-Islam).-Distribution of funds (alms).-General supervision of government. - Caliph has to enforce God-given Shari‘a and/ or defend or expand (dar al-Islam).- The status of Islam as the ideology of the state made the caliph’s role as guardian of the faith a political as well as religious one. - When the Caliph led prayer he performs a ceremonial role analogous to functions performed by chiefs of state in the modern world.- Terms you may want to know:-Consultation (shura)Chaos (fitnah)- According to Islamic teachings, all human beings are commanded to fulfill their individual roles as vicegerents to God.- Muslims must strive to adhere to and advance God’s word by establishing a divine-like society on earth.- Muslims are “agents” or “vicegerents” of God by carrying out his moral laws. They must fulfill the destiny assigned to them by God.- Unlike Shi‘i concept of Imam, Sunni and Khariji theory ascribed the Caliph no supernatural qualities, no sins, and infallibility.- Concept of the Caliphate- Etymology: Titles - Khalifa/Caliph (deputy, successor vicegerent, representative, delegate).- Imam (leader, particularly of prayer)- khalifat rasul al-Allah (successor of the messenger of God) - khalifat al-Allah (deputy of God), khalifat al-Allah fi-l-ard (deputy of God on earth)- Amir al-mu’minin (Commander of the Faithful).- Emir: Prince, Commander, and/or General: Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates.- Sultan: authority, strength: Oman.- Malik (monarch: King): Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Jordan.A Selection of Sultanates- Ghaznavids (998-1187)- Seljuqs of Rum (c. 1081-1307)- Sultanates of Delhi (1211-1556 )- Mamluks (1250-1516)- Kingdom of Mali (c. 1230-1600)- Aceh (c. 1530-1650 [1903])Prophet Muhammad and Rashidun- The term ‘Rashidun’ is a term that was used by the Sunni’s and is was referred towards the first four caliphs after Muhammad established the Rashidun CaliphateThe Central Lands of IslamFatimid Cairo- A dynasty that is considered to be the fourth and final “pure” Arab caliphate. In Caro they founded the Al Azhar mosque and university known as an Ismaili missionary training centerInvaders- Crusaders (1098-1291)-Jerusalem (1099-1187)-Saladin (1171-93)-Reconquista in Spain (c. 1085-1250 [1492])-Crusade kingdom- Mongols-Chingiz Khan’s raids (1219-1223)-Hulegu (1253-65)-Sack of Baghdad (1258)-Descendents become Muslim around 1300-Mongol empireThe three empires:- Ottomans (c. 1300-1924)-Constantinople/Istanbul (1453)-Arab world (1516)-Ottomans (1517-1924) vs. Safavids (1502-1736)-Ottomans’ (Turks) claim to be caliphs goes back only to the late eighteenth century (1787)-Ottomans called for Pan-Islamic identity: The caliph sent emissaries throughout the Islamic world to urge unity under his leadership.-End of Caliphate in March 1924. -Others suggested an Arab caliphate Qurayshi tribe caliphate.- Safavids (1501-1737): Isfahan-Iran becomes Shi‘ite - Mughals of India (1526-1707 [1857])-Taj Mahal -Mughal EmpireMuhammad’s Successor’s- Rightly Guided Caliphs/ Khalifa’ Rashidun (Sunni Narrative). -Abu Bakr (632-634)-‘Umar (634-644)-‘Uthman (644-656)-‘Ali (656-661) - Succession dispute after Muhammad -The Helpers: Divided rule-“For whomever I have been a protector, Ali is his protector.” (Ghadir Khumm)-Abu Bakr & ‘Umar: Caliphs from Quraysh only1. Abu Bakr (632-4)-“Apostasy” wars2. ‘Umar (634-44)-Conquests of Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Iran- The Question of succession:-Muhammad’s death and the appointment of a successor.-Elders decided to elect Muhammad’s closest male friend.-Leaders were neither heirs, nor kings.-Caliphate emerged spontaneously after Muhammad’s death when leaders of Muhammad community elected Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad.-Shi‘a believed that Muhammad had designated ‘Ali his son-in-law for the succession.- Succession was the basic issue that divided Muslims into sects after the death of Muhammad.- The Caliphate of the early Islamic period was accepted by those who came to be known as Sunni Muslims.- Shi‘a branch is based on rejection of the legitimacy of