BIOL 1103 1st EditionExam 1 Study GuideSummary of the Assigned readings:Summary of Overview of Photosynthesis Reading:- Through photosynthesis, certain organisms convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy, which is needed to build carbohydrate molecules.- All organisms carrying out photosynthesis require sunlight.- When an organism breaks down food, the energy holding the molecules together is released. The energy is used for cellular respiration.- Photosynthesis requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. It releases oxygen and produces glucose.- In light-dependent reactions, chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sunlight and coverts itinto chemical energy wit the use of water and it releases oxygen as a byproduct.- In the Calvin Cycle, chemical energy drives the capture of carbon and assembly of glucose.Vocabulary from Overview of Photosynthesis Reading:- Autotroph- an organism that can produce its own food- Chlorophyll-the green pigment that absorbs the light energy, which drives photosynthesis- Pigment- a molecule that is capable of absorbing light energy Chloroplast- the organelle where photosynthesis takes place- Heterotroph- an organism that consumes other organisms for food because it is incapable of photosynthesis- Light-dependent reaction-the first stage of photosynthesis where visible light is absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH)- Stoma- the opening that controls the gas exchange and water regulation between leavesand the environment- Thylakoid- a disc-shaped membranous structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place using chlorophyll - Stroma- the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast where the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis take placeSummary of Light-dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis Reading:-All photosynthetic organisms contain a pigment called chlorophyll a, which absorbs wavelengths from each end of the spectrum (blue and red). It does not absorb green wavelengths, which is why plants appear green.-The purpose of light dependent reactions is to convert light energy into chemical energy.It does this by grouping pigment molecules and proteins called photosystems.-Photosystem II absorbs one photon, which causes an electron in the chlorophyll to become “excited” and break free. This starts photosynthesis.-Energy then travels through the electron transport chain (series of proteins in the thylakoid) forming an electrochemical gradient. -The ions formed move through ATP synthase from the thylakoid to the stroma in order to form molecules of ATP to be used to form sugar in the second stage of photosynthesis.Photosystem I absorbs another photon to create NADPH to be used as a carrier in the Calvin cycle.Vocabulary for the Light-dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis Reading: - Absorption spectrum- the specific pattern of absorption for a substance that captivates electromagnetic radiation- Chlorophyll a- the form of chlorophyll that absorbs violet-blue and red light- Chlorophyll b-the form of chlorophyll that absorbs blue and red-orange light- Photon- a distinct quantity or “packet” of light energy- Photosystem- a group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are used in the light-dependent reactions to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energySummary of the Calvin Cycle Reading:- There are two chemicals in the stroma, other than CO2 that help initiate the Calvin cycle:the enzyme RuBisCO and the molecule RuBP, which has five atoms of carbon and one phosphate group on each end. - RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP to form a six-carbon compound which is then separated into two three-carbon compounds (3-PGA) in a process called carbon fixation.- Using ATP AND NADPH stored energy from the light-dependent phase, three-carbon compound (3-PGA) is converted into G3P, which is another three-carbon compound. - Then G3P leaves the Calvin cycle to help form glucose. Since glucose has six carbon atoms, it takes six turns of the Calvin cycle to make one molecule of glucose. The remaining G3P regenerate RuBP.Vocabulary for the Calvin Cycle Reading:- Calvin cycle- the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules- Carbon fixation- the process of converting inorganic CO2 gas into organic compounds Summary of the Carbon Cycle Reading:- Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in living organisms and it is present in all organic molecules.- Carbon compounds store energy or fossil fuels and the burning of fossil fuels releases CO2 into the atmosphere.- Two interconnected sub cycles: One is dealing with the quick carbon exchange betweenliving organisms and the other is dealing with the extended period cycle of carbon through geologic processes.Summary of the Nitrogen Cycle Reading:- Nitrogen enters the living world through symbiotic and free living bacteria.- Cyanobacteria play an important role in nitrogen fixation because they are able to fix nitrogen gas into ammonia to be transferred to the macromolecules of the organism.- Rhizobium live symbiotically in things like peanuts, peas, and beans and can fix nitrogen.- Nitrogen that enters the living system by nitrogen fixation is converted from organic nitrogen back to nitrogen gas by bacteria in three steps.- One is ammonification, which converts nitrogenous waste into ammonium by certain bacteria and fungi.- Next through nitrification, the ammonium converts to nitrates by nitrifying bacteria.- Lastly, denitrification converts the nitrates into nitrogen gas allowing it to re-enter the atmosphere.- Humans can release nitrogen into the environment through the combustion of fossil fuels and the use of artificial fertilizers. - Atmospheric nitrogen effects the Earth’s ecosystem through the construction of acid rainand greenhouse gas.- A major effect from fertilizer runoff is saltwater and freshwater eutrophication, which is a process where the nutrient runoff causes the algae to overgrow and many other problems.- In the marine nitrogen cycle, sediment is formed, and with time, being moved to the land.Summary of the Lecture Notes:Carbon and Energy Transformation:- The majority of the mass of a plant comes for the compacted CO2 in the plant. We knowthat it is not from the soil because of Helmont’s