-Individual life histories from the skeletonoRepetitive actions leave signature on bones -Ex. Squatting "facets" knees and ankle bones (prehistoric southwest women corn grinding)-Ex. Auditory expatosis: bony growth in inner ear (prehistoric Chili adult males fishing in cold water called swimmers ear-Ex. Bone biomechanics (Larsen 2005 pg 104)-Bone tissue placed where skeleton needs it, more demand on bone, makes it more robust and larger-Case Study: The Pounder from UbaidoAdult female skeleton in Ubaid, Iraq 2700 BCoUnusually broad sternum and clavicleoMassive pectoralis majoroActivities that require stabilization of shoulder when arm and body close togetheroStrongly developed thigh muscle attachment (large femur) oRobust jaw from clenching teeth oAssociated with chest muscles to exert downward force oPounding grain will produce this skeletal pattern, can be done kneeling or standing for long periods during the dayoTo determine if she was kneeling or standing we look at the toes-Extended joint surface on first metatarsal is indicative of toes curled under her-Case Study: Bones of La Flordia (Larsen)oMission indians: more corn less fish (simplified diet) -Lack niacin, 3 amino acid-Phytate in blood binds with iron => anemia-Porotic hyperstosis (poor diet and paracites) -More tooth decay-More enamal hypoplasias-More rezius lines-Biomechanics Stronger bones-Not good for them though-BiodistanceoBiological (genetic) difference between populations or individuals-1. old way: shae of skull (craniometric) shape of skull closely related to parents -2. ancient DNA-Mitochondrial DNA, has a constant rate of mutation, compare mtDNA to establish time of divergence of populations Ex. Did humans evolve from Neanderthals?-Felhoffer child, Mezkaiskaya infantHumans evolved200,000 years ago -population replacement oHow did agriculture spread to prehistoric Europe oWere mesolithic hunter-gatherer swamped by colonizing neolithic farmers from Middle East oPopulation replacement but not middle eastern-Molecular PaleopathologyoCutting edgeoDetecting fragments of pathogen DNA or RNAoDetecting particular fragments using PCR-FoundLeprosyTBPlagueMalariaSyphilis-DifficultiesLow concentrationsDNA not well preservedDepends on soil conditionsDiagenesisDanger of contamination in PCR amplification-Case Study: Eleonora of Toledo (1522-1562)oSpanish noble womanoMarried Cosimo de' Medici (Duke of Tuscany)oRuled as regent in his absenceoSuffering stomach problems, vomiting, loss of appetite, coughoShe died then two of her sons died quickly after heroLegend she died of grief when her son was killed by her husbando1652 autopsy implicates a lung disease oHistorical view favors malaria (common in Italy at the time)oHer bones tell us-Comparing 2 noble houses Medici (Florence) vs. Araganese (Naples)-Medici ate more meatElenor consitered "Immoderate" in diet-Molecular analysisDNA results-Malaria antibodies-Tuberculosos-Leishmaniasis (black fever) -Protozoa is saliva of sand fly (60,000 deaths/year)-No reports of elanor showing ulcers but it mightnot have been reported because of the stigma of leprosy In the FUTURE complete