1. Urbanism and Paleodemography a. Cities develop in the last 5000 yearsa. Greater risk of famines and nutritional stressa. Increased fifth diseasesi. Acute community infections crowd diseases 1. Small pox1. Diptheria1. Rubella1. Flues1. Measles a. Require a minimum host population of 500,0001. Chicken poxa. 10,0001. Polioa. 250,0001. All these require a minimum host population "critical population size" a. Urban populations exhibit i. Chronic under-nutritioni. High levels of infection1. Filth diseasesi. Shorter life spans1. High infant mortality rate ("graveyards of babies") up until 18th centuryi. Cities less healthy than rural life, until less than 100 years agoi. Global incant mortality rate in 1900s 165 p/ 1,000 births1. By 1915 it was about 10%1. Big thing that changed this was the invention of the modern sewage systemi. Law of Natural Urban Decrease: urban mortality so high, cities depend on in-migration from countryside to maintain population because so many people died1. Storey wanted to see if this law applied to ancient cities also, so she tested the theory at the great archaeological site 1. Mortality at Teotihuacan a. Teotihuacan covered about eight square miles b. Was abandoned abruptly in 750 AD and was there 1 ADi. Had about 200,000 residentsa. Had pyramids of sun and moon and an "Avenue of the Dead"b. Commoners lived in apartment complexes self contained walled off complexes and 4-5 apartments insidei. Laid out in a grid fashionii. About 10,000 of these apartmentsi. There were rich and poor neighborhoods, ethnic neighborhoods, occupational neighborhoods a. Tlajinga 33 i. Apartment 33 in Tlajinga district (lower middle class working class neighborhood) i. Custom was to bury the dead under the house floori. It was occupied 200-650 ADi. Generations of crafts-people (not farmers) i. Originally people made jewelry ii. Excavation there exposed 68 people in seprate graves and 42 people found in the trash (captured warriors andsacrificed and made into a stew)1. Porotic hyperostosis but anemia was rare2. Really low life expectancies, when you were one there was a good chance you'd live for 28.6 more years3. High infant mortality rate1. Lots of biological stress (teeth, bones)1. Age 2-3 highest growth hault because they are being weaned off breast milk andput on contaminated food supply1. Most likely gastroenteritis because of severe diarrhea causing dehydration i. Overall:1. High infant mortality low life expectancy, couldn’t keep its population up1. Law of natural urban decrease active1. Level of health = 17th century London 1. Cross-cultural implications of an "urban" life1. Immigration of the city-Price 2000 Article-Can tell where someone came from based on bone chemistry -Homeland and migration: Strontium 86Sr vs. 87Sr -Bed rock -> soil -> groundwater -> humans1. Ratio in food chain varies place to place depending on local geology -Ratio permanently fixed in teeth when they form but change in bone when you move1. If you don’t move anywhere your bone and teeth are equal ratio 1. Bones will take ratio of where you live as an adult-18O and 16O ratio-Differences in local rain water (reflects pattern of temperature,humidity, altitude, distance fromthe sea) -> taken up in food chain -> fixes in teeth-Compare bone to teeth-Teeth have homeland (where childhood is spent)-Total time-span seen in teeth is 6 months to a year-Bones have ratio of where adulthood is spent-Apply this to Teotihuacan-Tlahinga 33 -29% of inhabitants were long term imigrants but spent their childhood outside the city then moved him this applied to both male and females, noevidance that they were immigrant they were completely assimialated into the culture of the city-Same