MPP 3202 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Chapters: 21-26Chapter 21 Homework Questions:1. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the four basic functions of the digestive system?1. acid-base balance (functions: matching fluid input with output, decreasing the size of food molecules, repelling foreign invaders)2. Why must the process of lipid digestion be different from proteins and carbohydrates?1. Lipids are hydrophobic3. Which long reflex of the cephalic phase stimulates digestive activity in thestomach before food arrives?1. Vagal reflex4. In terms of chemical digestion of organic molecules, the stomach primarily digests _______ .1. Proteins5. Blood draining from the intestines flows directly to the ________.1. Liver for filtering6. In which non-digestive function does the digestive tract play a surprisinglylarge role?1. Immunity7. Which is NOT classified as a member of the secretin family of GI hormones?1. cholecystokinin (CCK)8. GI contractions that are sustained for minutes or hours are called ________ contractions.1. Tonic9. Crypt cells in the small intestine and colon secrete ________ into the lumen.1. an isotonic sodium chloride solution10. What makes the anatomy of the stomach wall unique compared to the other parts of the digestive system?1. It has three layers of smooth muscleChapter 22 Homework Questions:1. Insulin is produced by the ________ cells of the pancreas.1. beta2. When the level of the glucose pool falls below normal, which tissue is the only one able to access glucose?1. brain3. How does binding of insulin to its receptor cause glucose uptake from the bloodstream?1. It causes insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane4. Which pathway is the opposite of lipogenesis?1. beta-oxidation5. What happens to excess glucose in the body?1. It undergoes lipogenesisChapter 23 Homework Question s:1. Which is the best example of negative feedback?1. Thyroid hormone (TH) secreted into the bloodstream causes increased cellular metabolism and increased body temperature, and increased TH levels inhibit TH release.2. What precursor molecule can be converted to either testosterone or aldosterone?1. progesterone3. Which endocrine gland is NOT correctly matched to a hormone it produces?1. zona reticularis —ACTH4. How is the hypothalamic control of growth hormone (GH) release different from the control of TSH and ACTH?1. The hypothalamus releases both stimulatory and inhibitory tropic hormones for GH, whereas it only releases stimulatory hormones for TSH and ACTH.5. Endocrine pathologies can occur through excess Fertilization of the human egg normally occurs in the ________.secretion, inadequate secretion, and which other mechanism?1. abnormal target cell responseChapter 26 Homework Questions:1. Choose the TRUE statement1. Human females are thought to be born with all the primary gametes they will ever have2. What is the greatest difference in gametogenesis between males and females?1. the number of gametes produced from each germ cell3. Which of these are the male gonads?1. testes4. In males, what is the target of FSH and what effect does it have?1. Sertoli cells, release of paracrine factors to stimulate spermatogenesis5. Which of these is part of the female external genitalia?1. labia majora6. Fertilization of the human egg normally occurs in the ________.1. fallopian tube7. The role of the corpus luteum is to secrete ________.1. progesterone and estrogen8. Birth control pills containing hormones estrogen and progesterone work by directly preventing ________.1. ovulation9. Which hormone is the most important regulator of endometrial proliferation during the follicular phase?1. estrogen10. Which of these is a haploid cell?1. an eggChapter 21: GastrointestinalFunctions of the GI Tract:• Digestion = chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units • Absorption = active or passive transport of material from GI tract to lumen or ECF• Motility = movement of material through the GI tract as a result of musclecontraction• Secretion = transepithelial transfer of material from cells into lumen or ECF• Processing of ingested food & delivery of nutrients• Balance between fluid input and output• Development: gut endoderm plays role in formation of heart, and is foundation for development of gut-derived organs: thyroid, lungs, liver, pancreas• Largest immune organ (GALT = gut-associated lymphoid tissue)• Largest single habitat for microflora—bacteria, archaea, fungi 1014 organismsGI Tract Anatomy:• Mouth/pharynx = receptacle for food, chewing, salivary amylase (digestion) , lysozymes and immunoglobulins (immune) • Salivary glands = sublingual (under tongue), submandibular (under jaw) and parotid (hinge of jawbone)• Chyme = secretions of acid and enzymes from the epithelium, liver and pancreas are added to the food• Esophagus = narrow tube that travels through the thorax to the abdomen, walls transfer from skeletal to smooth muscle • Stomach = bag like organ that can hold up to 2 liters of food and fluid when expanded, divided into the upper fundus, the central body and the lower antrum• Pyloric Sphincter = opening between stomach and small intestine, only allows small amounts of chyme to enter at a time• Small intestine ◦ Divided into the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum◦ Most digestion occurs in s.i.– carried out by pancreatic, intestinal enzymes, aided by other factors from liver via the gallbladder—all exocrine secretions enter at the duodenum◦ Muscularis mucosae--thin layer of smooth muscle which controls movement of villi, contains efferent nerve endings from the submucosal plexus ofthe ENS◦ Lamina propria—hydrated, connective tissue matrix which supports epithelium, contains capillaries, is collection point for lymph, contains sensory nerves, and immune cells◦ Inner layer of circular muscle—affects lumen diameter ◦ Outer layer of longitudinal muscle—affects length◦ Myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus)—lies between muscle layers, controls gut motility via coordination of contraction/relaxation of the two muscle layers◦ Outer covering—connective tissue membrane continuous with peritoneal membrane• Large intestine◦ Reabsorption of water, electrolytes, bile acids◦ Absorption of some nutrients (vitamin K, short chain fatty acids◦ Major habitat for resident microflora ◦ Liver/gallbladder/pancreas = accessory glandular organs, secrete enzymes to assist digestion◦ Sphincter