MPP 3302 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapters: 1 - 6Chapter 1 - (Wed 1/22): Introduction to the course:Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its components.Four themes of physiology: 1. Structure and function2. Energy storage, transfer and use3. Information flow4. HomeostasisHomeostasis: Mass Balance: Total amount (load) = intake + production - excretion - metabolismReceptors:Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Baroreceptors Integrating center:Orchestrates an appropriate responseMany integrating centers are found in the brainEffectors:Responsible for body responsesMuscles (smooth, striated, and cardiac) GlandsSignals:Input signal is from a receptor to an integrating center Output signal is from an integrating center to an effector Chemical or nerves Local vs Reflex Control:Local:Reflex:Negative Feedback:Response opposes or removes signalPositive Feedback: Response reinforces signalChapter 2 - (Fri 1/24 & Mon 1/27): Molecular Interactions:Four Major Classes of Biomolecules:1. Lipids2. Carbohydrates3. Proteins 4. NucleotidesLipids:• Carbon and Hydrogen• Backbone of glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids• Nonpolar• Fats (animal, solid at room temperature)• Oil (plant, liquid at room temperature)3 examples of lipids:1. Eicosanoids = 20-carbon fatty acids with a complete or partial carbon ring at one end and two long carbon chain “tails” 2. Steroids = includes four linked carbon rings, cholesterol is the major source in the human body3. Phospholipids = 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (–H2PO4). Cholesterol and phospholipids are important compounds of animal cell membranesCarbohydrates:• Most abundant biomolecule; carbon+water• (CH2O)n or CnH2nOn• Monosaccharides• Disaccharides• PolysaccharidesMonosaccharides:1. Simple sugars, usually 5 Carbons or 6 Carbons2. Building blocks of complex carbohydrates3. 5 Carbon sugars (pentose)1. Ribose2. Deoxyribose4. 6 Carbon sugars (hexose)1. Fructose2. Glucose3. GalactosePolysaccharides:1. Glucose polymers used for storing energy2. Glycogen - animals3. Starch - plantsProteins:• Amino acids ◦ Amino group (-NH2)◦ Carboxyl group (-COOH)◦ Hydrogen◦ R group (side chain)• Structures◦ Primary - amino acid sequence and peptide bonds◦ Secondary - partial bonding, alpha helices and beta sheets◦ Tertiary - folding amongst itself, alpha helices and beta sheets, disulfide bonds◦ Quaternary - multiple proteins, disulfide bonds (Ex: hemoglobin)Nucleotides:• Nitrogenous base◦ Purines - double ring structure (A&G)◦ Pyrimidines - single ring structure (U&T&C)• 5 Carbon sugar◦ Ribose◦ Deoxyribose• Phosphate groupNucleotides:1. ATP - adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups 2. ADP - adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate groups3. NAD - adenine, 2 ribose, 2 phosphate groups, nicotinamide4. FAD - adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate groups, riboflavin5. cAMP - adenine, ribose (cell to cell communication)Functional Groups:• Combinations of elements that occur frequently in biological molecules• Move along molecules as a single unit• Amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphatePolar and nonpolar molecules:• Polarity occurs when a covalent bond is not shared equally• Atoms with a stronger attraction to electrons become slightly negative while atoms with a weaker attraction become slightly positive • Polar molecules have either a slightly positive or negative charge at one end• Nonpolar molecules are shared equally containing no charge Covalent Bonds:• Share a pair of electrons• Require energy to break• There are single, double and triple as well as polar and nonpolarIonic Bonds:• Gain or lose electrons• Opposite charges attractHydrogen and Van der Waals:• Weak and partial • Responsible for water tension• Weak and non-specificHydrophilic:• Molecules with polar regions or ionic bonds can easily interact with waterand dissolve• Water molecules form hydration shells around ions to keep them separated• This disrupts the hydrogen bonding which lowers the freezing temperatureHydrophobic:• Molecules without charges tend to repel water and do not readily dissolve The cell membrane has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts that make it semi-permeable. Only certain molecules can cross the membrane freely while other require transport proteins.Molecular Shape and Function:• Molecular bonds determine shape and shape determines function• Proteins have the most complex and varied shape◦ Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternaryHydrogen Ion Concentration (pH): • Free H+ ions change a molecule’s shape• Acid = more H+, Base = less H+• Buffer solutions help moderate pH changesProtein Interactions:• Shape directly affects function• Ligands = substrates• Induced-fit model• Affinity • Competitors = related compounds competing for binding• Agonists = competing ligands that mimic actions• Cofactors = required for ligand binding at binding site• Proteolytic activation = converts inactive to active form by removing part of a molecule (peptide fragments)• Competitive inhibitor = competes directly with ligand by binding reversibly to active site• Irreversible inhibitor = binds to binding site and can not be replaced• Allosteric modulator = binds to protein away from binding site and changes activity, may be inhibitors or activators• Covalent modulator = binds covalently to protein and changes activity• pH and temp = alters 3-D shape of protein by disrupting hydrogen or S-S bonds, irreversible if protein denatures (take away or alter the natural qualities of)• Regulatory proteins = turn cell processes on and off or up and down (Ex: transcription factors)• Saturation = this occurs when the proteins are fully occupied and a max value is achieved, increasing the rate of the reaction is no longer possible Chapter 3 - (Wed 1/29 & Fri 1/31): Cells & Tissues:Body Compartments:• Cranial cavity = brain• Thoracic cavity = pleural sac, pericardial sac, diaphragm• Abdominopelvic cavity = abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity• Lumens ◦ Hollow organs = heart, lungs, blood vessels, intestines• Fluid compartments ◦ Extracellular fluid (1/3)◦ Intracellular fluid (2/3)Biological Membranes:• Line cavities: tissue or cellular◦ Mucous membrane = mouth, vagina◦ Peritoneal membrane = abdomen◦ Pericardial membrane = heart◦ Cell membrane• Cell membrane function:◦ Physical isolation◦ Regulation of exchange between the environment◦ Communication with other