CEE 1030 1nd Edition Lecture 26: Energy ResourcesOutline of Last Lecture I. What is extinction?II. BiodiversityIII. Extinction, continuedOutline of Current Lecture I. ResourcesII. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)III. Gas hydratesIV. Fossil fuel combustionV. Renewable energy resourcesCurrent LectureI. Resourcesa. Earth’s materials and processes are used for mineral resources and energyb. Understanding Earth’s history and geologic processes helps to find and use resources and to determine sustainable levels of usagec. Non-renewable resources form or accumulate over millions of years, so quantities are considered fixedd. Renewable resources are virtually inexhaustible or can be replenished relatively quicklye. Historical energy usei. US energy consumption has increased significantly over the last 100 yearsii. Trade in resources is a fundamental force in global economics and politicsf. Available resourcesi. Reservoirs: total amount of resource, including non-productible as well asproductibleii. Reserves: amount of resource that is technically recoverableiii. Non-renewable1. Fossil fuel: general term for any hydrocarbon that may be used as a fuel2. Fossil fuels: coala. Largest single source of fuel used in the generation of electricityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Readily combustible sedimentary rock formed by compaction of wetland plants over millions of yearsc. Coal ranked by degree of compression (potential energy)d. Coal measured by Average Heat Value in joules or BTUi. 1 BTU: the amount of energy needed to cool or heat one pound of water by one degree Fe. Problems with coal usei. Coal takes millions of years to form, so it is a limitedresourceii. Coal combustion results in air pollutioniii. Mining can result in environmental damage3. Oil and natural gasa. Oil and natural gas consist of hydrocarbon compoundsb. Derives from the remains of marine plants and animalsc. Oil trap: a geologic environment that allows economically significant amounts of oil and natural gas to accumulate undergroundi. Cap rock that is impermeable to oil and gasii. Porous, impermeable reservoir rockiii. Anticlinal trap: rising oil and gas collect at a fold apex in an up-arched series of sedimentary strataiv. Fault trap: upward migration of oil and gas is trapped where displaced strata bring a dipping reservoir rock opposite an impermeable bedv. Salt dome trap: rising oil and gas accumulate in deformed, upturned sandstone beds adjacent to salt domevi. Stratigraphic trap: rising oil and gas is trapped by original sedimentary structureII. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)a. Process for artificially increasing a reservoir rock’s permeability to release oil and natural gas trapped in pore spacesb. Create microfractures in rockIII. Gas hydratesa. Gas hydrate: a solid form of water that contains large amount of methaneb. Exists at low temperatures and high pressureIV. Fossil fuel combustiona. Combustion of fossil fuels by humans is largest source of carbon dioxide emissions on earthb. Increased levels of greenhouse gasesV. Renewable energy resourcesa. Biofuel: fuel derived from biomass (recently living organisms)b. Bioethanol: most common type of biofuel obtained through the fermentation, distillation, dehydration, and denaturing of starch or sugar found in many cropsc. Switchgrass: a hardy, perennial grass native to the North American tall grass prairie, considered a good candidate for biofueld. Wind energyi. Air has mass, and when it moves it can transfer the energy of that motion by pushing against somethingii. Windmills convert this kinetic energy into