PSYC 204 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide PSYC 204 Final Exam Review Sheet Spring 2014 Chapter 1 2 Science Producers and consumers of research Producers of research perform studies and come up with new findings and evidence engages in the research process Consumers of research prefer reading about research in order to apply it to work and life 4 scientific cycles o o o o Theory data generates explanations of how why Basic applied application info that can be used Peer review feedback sought from colleagues Journal journalism info Presented in popular press Tv radio internet Definition of experimental psychology empirical parsimony confederate Experimental Psychology the development and assessment of psychological research design and methodology Empirical based on or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic Parsimony the simplest explanation Confederate an actor playing a specific role for the experimenter 8 characteristics of science o o o o o o o o Control Tentative Self correcting Progressive Theory Driven Objective Empirical Parsimonious 5 working assumptions of science o o o o o Realism objects perceived have existence outside of the mind Rational solves problems using rational methods Regularity phenomenon occur in a regular pattern Determinism all events are caused by preceding events Discoverability amount of time taken to determine preceding events Law vs research question vs hypothesis vs theory definition and application Definition Law Research question Hypothesis Theory Behaviors that co occur explains what makes things happen Statement that inquires the goal of a study or topic Proposed explanation based on limited evidence Ideas that explain something based on general principles What makes a good theory falsifiable tentative etc Supported by data o Needs to be supported by a large quantity variety evidence is a good theory Falsifiable o A theory needs to lead to predictions that when tested could prove to be wrong and thus challenge the theory itself Parsimonious o The simplest solution of the theory is the best Basic vs Applied vs Translational Research Basic Research Not intended to address a specific practical problem goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge Applied Research Translational Research Findings that are directly applied to the solution of that problem in a real world context Represents a dynamic bridge between basic and applied research Ways of knowing what are they which ones are empirical limitations of them Confounds see notes for chapter 5 conceptual operational definition o Confounds alternative explanations o Conceptual meaning of the variable more generally or abstractly o Operational how the variable is measured or observed Pitfalls of intuition pop up principle cherry picking the evidence present present bias Pitfalls of Intuition o Thinking the easy way o Thinking what we want to think Cherry Picking picking the evidence that supports the data Pop up principle things that easily come to mind tend to guide our thinking Chapter 6 Sampling Definitions Sample population sampling frame how to randomly sample Sample subset of the population Population research defined group of people to whom the researcher wishes to describe explain or predict Sampling Frame list of populations as defines for the purposes of your study How to randomly sample researchers draw a sample using some random method so that each member has equal chance of being in the sample Probability vs nonprobability sampling Probability Cluster Sampling pre existing groups in the population Multistage multiple steps in terms of how one might pull from the population Stratified Random researchers select particular demographic categories on purpose and then randomly selects ppl within each if the categories Non Probability Uncontrolled researcher has no control on who is participating in the observation game show voting Haphazard Intercept researcher has more control over who population picking ppl out at the mall for a survey Purposive non random sampling participants chosen for a reason Snowball when researchers ask Oversampling Over represent a particular group Simple Random participants have an equal opportunity to be included participants to recommend friends for the study Convenience a group of ppl that you have easy access to Chapter 5 Measurement Definition of variable measurement reliability validity confound see text ch 1 IV DV Variable 1 2 3 4 Symbol that can assume a range of numerical values Some property of an organism that has been measured An attribute that varies having at least 2 levels or values An aspect of a testing condition that can change or take on different characteristics w diff conditions Measurement the assignment of numbers to events objects according to rules that permit properties of the events objects to be represented by properties of the number system Reliability the degree in which a measurement tool produces stable and consistent results Validity what is measured and how well it does so Confound alternative explanations IV variable that is being altered changed DV variable that is being observed measured Identify IV DV confound extraneous variable 5 levels of measurement be able to identify the kind of variable e g continuous and scale of measurement e g ordinal Label lists things in categories Nominal Ordinal Ranks s in order Interval no true 0 represents equal intervals Ratio equal intervals has a true 0 Definition and application of 4 types of reliability Test retest Inter rater Internal Definition Consistent results every time the measure is used Consistent results no matter who measures Consistent answers no matter how the measure is given Application Time coefficient of stability How consistent the observations made by 2 ppl How similar the answers of one person s to that of the measurement Definition and application of 4 types of test validity Definition Application Construct Content Criterion Face How well a study s variables are measured manipulated Measure has all parts that the measure is supposed to have How well an experiment relates to data set upon which others can be compared The perspective of the test taker Measure must capture all parts of a defined construct Concurrent getting info at the same time If something appears to be a good measure Convergent how well the measure relates Discriminant lack of relationship Predictive perform the measure and get the results later Postdictive getting