PSYC 204 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Chapters 1 2 5 6 Chapter 1 2 Objectivity ideas are perceives in the same way lacks prejudice and biasness Subjectivity explanation for what influences and informs people s judgments about truth or reality Science tests for superiority Non Science o Empirical Common sense Intuition Tenacity acquire knowledge from over exposure superstition Mysticism insights gained from private experience unique to a mysticism o Cons w Intuition Biases Thinking the easy way Thinking what we want to think Cherry Picking pick evidence that supports data Characters of Science o Control o Tentative o Self correcting o Progressive o Theory Driven o Objective o Empirical o Parsimonious Goals of Science o Describe o Explain o Predict Working Assumptions of Science o Realism objects perceived have existence outside of the mind o Rational solves problems using rational methods o Regularity phenomenon occur in a regular pattern o Determinism all events are caused by preceding events o Discoverability amount of time taken to determine preceding events Theory tells HOW and WHY o Supported by data o Falsifiable 2 Groups independent T test o Parsimonious no relation to one another btwn subjects dependent t test same group with repeated measure within subjects Types of Tests in research 2 Groups ANOVA o True experiment o Quasi experiment o Non experiment ANOVA Associations 1 Independent Variable 1 Dependent Variable correlations 1 Independent Variable 1 dependent Variable regression Categorical Dependent Variable 1 Indepen Variable Chi Squared 4 Scientific Cycles o theory data generates explanations of how why o basic applied application info that can be used o peer review feedback sought from colleagues o journal journalism info Presented in popular press tv radio internet Research Sequence o Observation o Develop testable hypothesis o Choose research strategy o Choose a study population o Conduct a study o Analyze data o Report results Law behaviors that co occur explains what make things happen Limitations of Authority o Authority may be wrong o Biased o May not have many credentials Chapter 5 Measurement the assignment of s to events or objects according to rules that permit properties of the events or objects to be represented by properties of the system o Levels of Measurement Label Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Measurements in Psychology o Implicit measures Indirect assessments less obvious to respondents o Computer facilitated measures physiological measures Face reader Eye tracker Heat map o Evaluation of Measurement methods instruments Types of reliability o Test retest time coefficient of stability will the result be the same if measured at 2 different times o Interrater How consistent the observations made by 2 ppl are o Internal How similar the answers of one person s to that of the measurement Types of Validity o Construct related Convergent how well a measure relates Discriminant lack of relationship o Content related o Criterion related Concurrent getting info at the same time Predictive perform the measure and get the results later Postdictive opposite of predictive o Face the perspective of the test taker Categorical Variables o Nominal variables Things that can be put in categories Ex Sex where the levels are Male and Female or species Independent Variable o Minimum of 2 levels o Variation does not depend on that of another Dependent Variable o Variable whose value depends on that of another Chapter 6 o Probability Sampling List of population as defined by the purposes of the study o Simple random everyone has a equal opportunity to be included o Stratified random over sampling over represents a particular group o Cluster pre existing groups in a population o Non probability Sampling uncontrolled researcher has no control over who is participating in the observation o Haphazard Intercept researcher has more control over the population