BCOR 370 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideWhat is motivation?Motivation is the process by which behavior is: energized, directed, and maintainedWhat is the motivation process?Unsatisfied needs, tension, drives, behavior, satisfied needs, reduction of tensionWhat are two theories of motivation?Theory X-little ambition, dislikes work, avoids responsibility. Theory Y- self-directed, enjoys woek, accepts responsibilityWhat is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?- Self-actualization- Esteem- Social- Safety- PsychologicalWhat is Hertzberg’s Two Factor Theory?Hertzberg’s Two Factor TheoryPositive satisfactionAnd motivationMotivational Factors- Achievement - Career advancement- Personal growth- Job interest- Recognition- ResponsibilityHygiene Factors- Comapnay policies- Quality of supervision- Relations with others- Personal life- Rate of pay- Job sercuriy- Working conditionsNot dissatisfiedBut not motivatedDissatisfaction &DemotivationWhat is Equity Theory?Equity theory is based on perceptions of fairness. Perceived inequities can cause certain behaviors. The ratio of equity theory is composed of outcomes over incomes. Outcomes are received as a result of doing the job. Incomes are contributions made to the job. Ways to predict outcomes of inequity include: change inputs, attempt to change outcomes, cognitive reevaluation, attempt to get other to change inputs or outcomes, pick another other, leave the field (withdraw behavior).What is communication?The act of transmitting information, thoughts, and processes through various channelsWhat are some barriers to communication?Differing perceptions, language differences, noise, conflicting nonverbal cues, and poor listeningare all barriers to communicationWhat is nonverbal communication?Facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, and body movements are all forms of nonverbal communication. Actual words play a relatively small role in communication. Verbal communication makes up 7% of a conversation, while vocal makes up 38% and facial makes up 55%.What is conflict?Conflict is real or perceived differences in interest between two or more individuals, groups, or organizations. There are three views of conflict:1. Traditional- conflict is bad and should be avoided.2. Human relations- conflict is inevitable and should be accepted3. Interactionist- some conflict can be helpful and should be encouragedWhat are styles of conflict handling?Some styles of conflict handling include: avoiding, accommodating, competing, compromising, and collaborating/integratingWhat should negation do?Negotiation should produce a wise agreement, if agreement is possible; be efficient; not damage the relationships of the parties involvedHow do we usually negotiate? We negotiate using positional bargaining, “win lose” bargaining, distributive bargaining, or zero sum game- my gain is your lossExplain positional bargaining.Positional bargaining produces unwise agreements. Ego becomes identified with position. Compromise solution often fails to meet needs of those involved. Positional bargaining is also inefficient. The more extreme the positions and smaller the concession the more time wasted. In addition, positional bargaining damages relationships. It becomes a contest of wills that can damage or destroy a relationship.What is a better solution?Principled negotiating, “win, win” negotiating, and integrative bargaining are all better solutionscompared to positional bargaining. Goal is a settlement that involves no loss to either party.Explain principled negotiating.Principled negotiating separates the people from the problem. The goal is to attack the problem, not the people. The parties involved should unite and face the problem together. Principled negotiating also focuses on interests and not positions. The objective is to satisfying underlying interests, positions only hinder. Interests should be identified and then work towardsa solution that satisfies all. Principled negotiating should generate a variety of possibilities. When multiple possibilities are made all parties involved have a better chance of finding the best solution. Adversarial situations limit vision. Lastly, insist on some fair standard.What is a team?A team is a group of individuals engaged in collective work that required joint effort and generates positive synergy.What are stages of team development?Forming-uncertainty, storming-conflict, norming-cohesiveness, performing-functionalityWhat are types of work teams?Problem-solving, functional, self-managed, cross-functionalWhat are characteristics of effective teams?- clear unity of purpose- self-conscious- clear and demanding goals- informal, comfortable, relaxed- extensive participation in discussions- freedom to express ideas- disagreement is viewed as good- general agreement on decisions- everyone carries their weight- frequent constructive criticism- shared leadershipSuccessful self-leadership?Self-leadership strategies are effective in teams. Balance the “me” with the “we”—not too individualistic or too cohesive. Practice teamthink; avoid groupthink. Characteristics of groupthinkSocial pressure against divergent views, self-censorship of ideas, illusion of invulnerability, striving for an illusion of unanimity, stereotyped views of enemies, and illusion of moralityCharacteristics of teamthinkEncourage divergent views, open expression of ideas, awareness of limitations, recognition of individual opinions and uniqueness, utilization of non-stereotypical views, recognition of ethical consequencesWhat is control?Control is the process of monitoring activities and correcting deviations from standards. Any tool that helps managers use information to influence behavior and affect performance.What are types of control?Input-preliminary control/anticipated problems. Processes-screening control/corrects problems as they happen, outputs-post-action control/corrects problems after they occurExamples of controls- MIS- Financial statementso Balance sheetso Income statements- Ratio analysis- Audits- BudgetsWhat is entrepreneurship?Entrepreneurship is the process of initiating a business venture, organizing the necessary resources, and assuming the associated risks and rewards What is an entrepreneur?An entrepreneur is someone who recognizes a viable idea for a business product or service and carries it out.What are some characteristics of entrepreneurs?Internal locus