PSY 325 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Current Lecture I. Alcohol Consumption ▫ Brief History▫ Current Alcohol Use ▫ Alcohol Use DisordersII. Effects of Alcohol▫ Health Consequences▫ Benefits?III. Causal Factors▫ Biological▫ PsychosocialIV. Drug Use Statistics and the DSMV. Types of Drugs• Sedatives• Stimulants• Hallucinogens• Marijuana• Treatment and Prevention• Alcohol • Other DrugsCurrent LectureAlcohol and DrugsSome Questions to Ponder…• Do you feel you are a normal drinker? • Has your wife, partner, parent, or other near relative ever worried or complained about your drinking? • Do you ever feel guilty about your drinking? • Do your friends or relatives think you are a normal drinking? • Can you stop drinking when you want to? • Have you ever attended a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous? • Has your drinking ever created problems between you and a relative? • Have you ever gotten into trouble at work or school because of your drinking? • Have you ever neglected your obligations, your family, or your work for 2 or more days in a row because you were drinking? • Have you ever gone to anyone for help about your drinking? These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• Have you ever been in a hospital because of drinking? • Have you ever been arrested for drunken driving, driving while intoxicated, or driving under the influence of alcoholic beverages? • Have you ever been arrested, even for a few hours, because of other drunken behavior? Fact or Fiction? Are the following statements about alcohol true or false?People with strong wills need not be concerned about becoming alcoholics—falseAlcohol withdrawal is potentially more lethal than opiate (e.g. heroin) withdrawal—trueOne can become an alcoholic just by drinking beer—trueBrief history of alcohol consumption—trends:Alcohol has a long history of being used in pretty much every society we can think of. All used alcohol. Making it is fairly easy. You just need to ferment a grain or fruit. In colonial America, drinking became very common relative to today due to water contamination. They are sterilized due to boiling process. Milk and water were more dangerous. Repeal of 18th amendment. Percentage of people reporting substance abuse—alcohol is the most common. Adolescents ages 12 and up just trying it for the sake of trying it. • In 2012, 22.2 million Americans 12 or older are diagnosed with a SUD (about ___ of population)• Other Alcohol Statistics▫ 130.6 million are regular drinkers (52%)▫ 59.6 million report binge drinking (25 %)▫ 17.1 million report heavy drinking (7%)Alcohol ConsumptionAlcohol use cuts across all age, educational, occupational and socioeconomic boundaries.Highest rates of consumption:Adults age 25-44Men are more likely to drink than womenPeople with more education are more likely to drinkHowever HS dropouts are more likely to develop drinking problems.• Alcohol and College Students (ages 18-24)▫ 1825students die from alcohol-related unintentional injuries▫ 696,000 students are assaulted by another student who has been drinking.▫ 97,000 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape.• Alcohol and Adolescents▫ By age 15, more than 50 percent of teens have had at least 1 drink.▫ More adolescents drink alcohol than smoke cigarettes or marijuana▫ In 2009, 10.4 million young people between the ages of 12 and 20 reported that they drank alcohol beyond “just a few sips” in the past month.Substance Use: DSM-5 TermsDiagnostic Statistical ManualUse: the ingestion of psychoactive drugs or substances in moderate amounts which do not interfere withfunctioningIntoxication: reversible substance syndrome due to intake of a substance which interferes with functioning (fighting, impaired judgment, slowed reflexes, etc.)More on the problematic end of substance abuse:Physiological Dependence• Tolerance▫ Need for markedly increased amounts of the substance in order to achieve desired effect▫ Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance• Withdrawal▫ Characteristic withdrawal syndrome of the substance▫ The same or similar substance is taken to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms• Move from dependence on substance to abusing it Alcohol Use Disorder (DSM-5)• Problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring during within a 12-month period:▫ Taking larger amounts or over a longer period than planned▫ Persistent desire or failure to cut down▫ Great deal of time spent ▫ Craving (strong desire for or urge to use)▫ Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major obligations▫ Continued use despite social or interpersonal problems▫ Important activities are given up or reduced due to alcohol▫ Recurrent use in hazardous situations▫ Continued use despite a persistent physical problems▫ Tolerance ▫ WithdrawalImpact of Alcohol• Effects on the brain ▫ At lower levels, alcohol stimulates certain brain cells and activates the brain’s “pleasure areas”▫ At higher levels, alcohol depresses brain functioning▫ BAC of .08 = intoxicated▫ BAC of .30 to .50 = unconsciousness and potential of death▫ www.brad21.org/bac_charts.htmlHealth consequences—Direct HazardsLiver damage—CirrhosisLiver metabolize alcoholOn average, those with substance abuse disorders live 12 years shorter than someone with a healthy liverAlcohol related liver disease was cause of 1 in 3 liver transplants in the US• Neurological Damage▫ Alcohol withdrawal delirium (can include hallucinations, tremors, etc.)▫ Alcohol amnestic disorder (“Korsakoff’s Syndrome”) Video▫ Light to moderate use? May protect against dementia and Alzheimer’s disease• Malnutrition▫ Deficiencies in vitamin B▫ A pint of whiskey—8 to 10 standard drinks. 1200 calories already. Alcohol often suppresses your regular appetite too.Once these symptoms develop, it is not reversible. Direct Hazards• Cardiovascular▫ Heavy drinking (chronic or binge) can interfere with oxidation of fatty acids (primary fuel source of heart)▫ Heart will directly metabolize alcohol impairing functioning▫ Increased risk of irregular heartbeats due to reduction in heart contractions▫