PSY 325 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Current LectureI. Smoking Trendsa. Deaths related to smokingb. History of Smokingc. Current Rates of Smokingd. How Smoking affects the bodye. Nicotinef. CarcinogensII. Who Smokes?a. Inherent risk factorsIII. Health Consequences of Smokinga. Primary effectsb. Secondary smoke (environmental smoke) IV. Economic Costs V. Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription VI. Why do people start Smoking?VII.Why do people continuing smoking?VIII. Reducing Smoking behaviorsa. Deterring Smokingb. Quitting Smokingi. Pharmacological approachesii. Psychosocial approachesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Benefits of quittingiv. Why do people start Smoking?v. Why do people continuing smoking?Current LectureSmoking and Tobacco UseI. Deaths Related to SmokingMost preventable cause of death in the worldSlightly more in men than women.Exposure to secondhand smoke causes nearly 42,000 deaths each year among adultsin the U.S.Secondhand smoke causes 7,333 annual deaths from lung cancerSecondhand smoke causes 33,951 annual deaths from heart diseaseIn studying the effects of SHS, researchers isolate these causes by controlling other factors. Look at other risk factors by seeing how secondhandNot a precise science although some expectancy studies where they expose to second hand smokeLife expectancy for smokers is at least 10 years shorter than for nonsmokersQuitting smoking before the age of 40 reduces the risk of dying from smoking-related disease by about 90 percent.History of smoking and tobacco useBefore Columbus even came here. Tobacco was part of culture. See it in artwork andtraces of nicotine in artifacts, Mayans for example.Not pop in Europe until it was brought back to Europe. Had a hard time picking upsteam in Europe. Many tried to prohibit smoking. Didn’t take off right away. Didn’tgain pop until twentieth century aboutHistory of Tobacco Use Ready made cig were mass produces starting in the 1880s Cigarette tar use was not  Smoking increases during WWI and the 1920sTobacco companies targeted veterans, part of their C-rationsReached peak in 1966 or so in terms of who was smoking1963 over half of men in US were smokers1964 surgeon general’s reportcurrently 21 percent of population in the US smokes today58 percent of population has never smoked(Increasing the cost has been the single most effective way of reducing cigarette use)Smoking and the BodyWhat components in smoke are dangerous?Cigs contain 4000-7000 chemicals and compounds Carcinogens NicotineMost people don’t even know what is in them, it is the company’s secretNicotine—active drug- Affects both the CNS and PNS- Can be found in the brain 7 seconds after smoking (most effective is ejecting into bloodstream, smoking is 2nd most efficient way of getting ot the brain)- Half-life is 30-40 minutes- Increases metabolic level and decreases appetiteEnhanced concentration, arousal levels, decreases in pain and dopamine reward pathwayWhat makes nicotine so addictive is it has a rapid response in the brainIn about 30-40 minutes craves another cigaretteIncreases metabolism and decreases appetite—one reason women start smokingWhat components in smoke are dangerous?– Tars-water-soluble residue; carcinogen– Acrolein and formaldehyde-carcinogens that cause cell damage– Nitric oxide and hydrocyanic acid—gases formed from smoking that affect oxygen metabolismThere is no safe amount but companies have reduced tar levels in cigarettesWho Smokes?More men smoke than womenAmerican Indians have highest rates of smoking; Asian Americans have lowest rates (11%)Older adults have low smoking ratesLow income people have high smoking ratesThose with low education level have high smoking rates—strong predictor of smoking Smoking rates among young peopleIn 2012, 6.7% of middle school and 23.3% of high school students currently used tobacco productsFrom 2011-2012, electronic cigarette use has doubledYoung adults have the highest smoking rates among any age groupHealth Consequences1. CancerLeading cause of smoking-related deathsTypes of Cancer caused by smokingLung, lip, pharynx, esophageal, pancreatic, larynx, tracheal, urinary, bladder, kidneySmoking causes about 90 percent (0/10_ of all lung cancer deathsSmoking increases risk of lung cancer 25-26 timesIf no one smokes, 1/3 cancer deaths would be prevented2. Cardiovascular DiseaseSecond largest cause of smoking related deathsCVD risk is doubled for smokersEven people who smoke fewer than five cigarettes a day can have early signs of CVD3. Chronic Lower Respiratory DiseasesExamples:- Chronic bronchitis—formation of scar tissue in the bronchi- Emphysema-scar tissue and mucus obstruct respiratory pathways and air is trapped in alveoli- If you have asthma, tobacco smoke can trigger an attack or make an attack worse- Smokers are 12 to 13 times more likely to die from COPD than nonsmokers- 8/10 COPD deaths are due to smokingSmoking can delay lung growth in children and adolescentsBesides direct effects…ton of passive smoking Passive Smoking—also called environmental smoke (ETS) or secondhand smoke (SHS)– *Has been linked to lung cancer, breast cancer, heart disease (CVD), and respiratory problems in children– *Smoke exposure increases risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)– *Has been linked to cognitive and academic deficits in children as well as behavioral problems.MAP PICTURE25 states have banned smoking in worksites, restaurants, and bars5 states ban smoking in two of these three types of locations laws still don’t exist country wide4. Other effects- Fire caused by cigarettes- Linked to diseases of various body parts: mouth, kidney, bladder- Periodontal disease- Erectile dysfunction and decreased fertility- Injuries such as in motor vehicle crashes (lighting up and not paying attention for example)Smoking during Pregnancy- Fertility problems- Greater risk of miscarriage- Smoking can cause problems with the placenta- Premature and/or low birth- Risk factor of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)- Birth defects, such as cleft lip or cleft palateo About 11 percent of Women who are pregnant smoke!o 54 percent will quit during pregnancy (a lot of people tend to relapse afterwards however)Passive smoking and PregnancyPrenatal SHS exposure affects