The BryophytesDivision Hepatophyta: LiverwortsGenus: MarchantiaDivision Anthocerophyta: HornwortsGenus: AnthocerosDivision Bryophyta: MossesGenera: Mnium, Polytrichum, SphagnumKey features of all divisions: Heteromorphic alternation-of-generations life cycleGametophyte is the dominant generationLack true xylem and phloem (some mosses have haptom and leptom)No true roots, stems, or leaves (body called a thallus)Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, starch, cellulose, phragmoplast, oogamy, multicellular gametangiaReproduction and growth highly dependent upon waterKey Features and Terms (prepare a labeled drawing for each numbered item): Note: Drawings must: a) be neatb) be as detailed as practicalc) show magnificationd) show proper labels for all terms in bolde) include a titlef) include ancillary notes when possibled) be drawn from an actual slide or specimen (not copied from a lab manual)The Liverworts:1) Dichotomously branching (haploid) gametophyte (thallus) with air pores, air chambers, chlorenchyma tissue, storage tissue, rhizoids2) Disk shaped antheridiophores containing antheridiaAntheridia (male gametangia) with pores, spermatogenous tissue, sterile jacket layerProduces haploid sperm by mitosis (many sperm per antheridium)3) Spoke shaped archegoniophores bearing archegoniaArchegonia (female gametangia) with venter, elongate neck with neck canal cells.Produces haploid eggs by mitosis (single egg per archegonium)4) Union of egg and sperm (fertilization) produces a diploid zygote, which grows to become an embryo with a foot.5) The embryo develops into a club-shaped sporophyte, which remains attached to the archegoniophore.Sporophytes are diploid; produced by union of egg and sperm.Sporophytes produce haploid spores by meiosis.Stalk, seta, and capsule (sporangium)Spores (technically meiospores) and elongated elators (for spore dispersal)May be covered by a calyptra, which is the old archegonium6) Gemmae cups containing gemmae (clonal or asexual reproduction)Hornworts:1) Multilobed haploid gametophyte, may be unisexual or bisexual2) Diploid elongated, horn-like sporophyte has a basal, intercalary meristem (grows from base) and a unicellular epidermis with stomata. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis in a layer of sporogenous tissue surrounding a central columella.Mosses:1) “Leafy” haploid gametophytes, with axis and rhizoids2) Gametophytes begins life as a simple protonema (following spore germination)3) Gametophytes bear antheridia (male gametangia) in antheridial headsAntheridia have a stalk, sterile jacket layer, spermatogenous tissue, and are associated with sterile paraphyses (hair-like structures)Produce haploid sperm by mitosis (many sperm per antheridium).4) Gametophytes also bear archegonia (female gametangia) in archegonial headsArchegonia have a stalk, venter, sterile jacket layer, neck with neck canal cells, and are associated with sterile paraphysesProduce haploid egg by mitosis (one egg per archegonium)5) Union of sperm and egg (fertilization) produces a diploid zygote, which develops into an embryo with a foot.6) Embryo grows to become the mature sporophyte, with a stalk (seta), capsule (sporangium), an operculum (covering of opening), and peristome (toothlike structures that disperse spores).Diploid sporophyte is produced by union of egg and sperm.Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis.May be covered by a calyptra, which is the old archegoniumReview Questions (for Lab Report)1) List the key characteristics of the Bryophytes as a group.2) From what group of organisms are the bryophytes believed to have evolved, and list the evidence supporting this hypothesis?3) Are the bryophytes believed to have given rise to any other group of plants? If so, which group and list the features that the bryophytes share with this group.4) Why is the term “embryophyte” an appropriate synonym for “true plants”?5) What key features distinquish Sphagnum moss from mosses such as