The Angiosperms: Seed and Fruit DevelopmentDivision AnthophytaClass Eudicotyledones (Dicots):Genera Capsella (Shephard’s Purse), Malus (Apple), Phaseolus (Bean), Pisum (Pea), Solanum (Tomato) and misc. others.Class Monocotyledones (Monocots):Genera Zea (Corn), and misc. othersKey Features and Terms (prepare a labeled drawing for each numbered item):A) Study microscopic flower structure as a means of understanding fruit development. Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean) flower.1) Primary parts of the bean flower:a) Receptacle (point of attachment)b) Calyx = sepalsc) Corolla = petals (Calyx + corolla = perianth) including the standard, the wings, and the keel.d) Androecium = stamens (9 fused and 1 free)e) Gynoecium = 1 carpel (megasporophyll, in this case = pistil) containing several ovules with parietal placentation. Lower part of pistil= ovary, middle part = style, upper surface = stigma.f) Placenta = point of attachment of ovules to ovary wall.B) Study and draw miscellaneous fruits, seeking to classify them as simple, aggregate, or multiple, fleshy or dry, and whether accessory tissues are involved in fruit formation.I) Simple fruits (formed from single carpel or compound (fused) carpels)a) Fleshy1) Berryi) pepo (berry with thick inseparable rind)ii) hesperidium (berry with thick separable rind)2) Drupe (single-seeded, with stony endocarp)3) Pome (compound pistil, hypanthium forms mesocarpand exocarp; endocarp is cartilaginous).b) Dry1) Dehiscenta) legume (simple pistil, pericarp splits on two sutures)b) follicle (simple pistil, pericarp splits on single suture)c) capsule (compound pistil, pericarp dehiscence varies)2) Indehiscenta) grain or caryopsis (one seeded, pericarp fused to seed coat)b) achene (one seeded, pericarp free from seed coat)c) samara (winged achene)d) nut (compound pistil with one functional carpel, stony pericarp, usually with an involucre of bracts)II) Aggregate Fruits (formed from many separate pistils within one flower)III) Multiple Fruits (formed from many separate flowers within one inflorescence)IV) Accessory Fruits (part of the dispersal tissues are derived from tissues other than the pistil).C) Embryogenesis in Capsella (Shepherd’s Purse)I) Globular phase showing suspensor, embryo, endosperm, and seed coat.II) Heart-shaped phase showing the two cotyledons being formed. Protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem are present.III) Torpedo stage showing elongation of the cotyledons and the hypocotyl-root axis.IV) Mature stage showing cotyledons, hypocotyl, radicle (embryonic root), root cap, and epicotyl (embryonic shoot apical meristem). Little endosperm remains.D) Seed and seedling external morphologyI) Bean and Pea seeds showing hilum (funiculus scar) and micropyle in seed coat. Open to identify the cotyledons, hypocotyl-root axis, and the plumule (epicotyl plus first formed foliage leaves).II) Corn kernel (caryopsis) showing fruit wall (fused to seed coat), scutellum (single cotyledon), coleoptile covering the plumule, and coleorhiza covering the radical.Review Questions (for Lab Report)1) Compare the botanical and ecological definitions of the term “fruit”.2) Give an example of an accessory fruit that we did not study in this lab, and explain how it is formed.3) Would a corn embryo have a “heart-shaped” phase during its early development? Explain why or why not.4) Why did you not find any endosperm in the bean seed?5) Distinguish between epigeous and hypogeous seed