Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe CHAPTER 1 Databases and Database Users Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 2 OUTLINE Types of Databases and Database Applications Basic Definitions Typical DBMS Functionality Example of a Database UNIVERSITY Main Characteristics of the Database Approach Types of Database Users Advantages of Using the Database Approach Historical Development of Database Technology Extending Database Capabilities When Not to Use Databases Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe What is a Database How many of you have used a database today Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 4 Types of Databases and Database Applications Traditional applications Numeric and textual databases More recent applications Multimedia databases Geographic Information Systems GIS Biological and genome databases Data warehouses Mobile databases Real time and active databases Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 5 Recent Developments 1 Social Networks started capturing a lot of information about people and about communications among people posts tweets photos videos in systems such as Facebook Twitter Linked In All of the above constitutes data Search Engines Google Bing Yahoo collect their own repository of web pages for searching purposes Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 6 Recent Developments 2 New technologies are emerging from the so called non SQL non database software vendors to manage vast amounts of data generated on the web Big data storage systems involving large NOSQL Non SQL Not Only SQL systems clusters of distributed computers A large amount of data now resides on the cloud which means it is in huge data centers using thousands of machines Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 7 What is big data Big data are high volume high velocity and or high variety information assets that require new forms of processing to enable enhanced decision making insight discovery and process optimization Gartner 2012 Bottom line Any data that exceeds our current capability of processing can be regarded as big Complicated intelligent analysis of data may make a small data appear to be big Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 8 Why is big data a big deal Government Private Sector Walmart handles more than 1 million customer transactions every hour which is imported into databases estimated to contain more than 2 5 petabytes of data 1 PB 1024 TB Facebook handles 40 billion photos from its user base Falcon Credit Card Fraud Detection System protects 2 1 billion active accounts worldwide Large Synoptic Survey Telescope will generate 140 Terabyte of data every 5 days Biomedical computation like decoding the human Genome and personalized medicine Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 9 Science Definitions What is data database DBMS Data Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning Database a highly organized interrelated and structured set of data about a particular enterprise Controlled by a database management system DBMS DBMS A software package system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized database Database system The DBMS software together with the data itself Sometimes the applications are also included More details on Database System Slide 15 Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 10 Example of a Database with a Conceptual Data Model Mini world for the example Part of a UNIVERSITY environment Some mini world entities STUDENTs COURSEs SECTIONs of COURSEs Academic DEPARTMENTs INSTRUCTORs Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 11 Example of a Database with a Conceptual Data Model Some mini world relationships SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs STUDENTs take SECTIONs COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs Note The above entities and relationships are typically expressed in a conceptual data model such as the entity relationship ER data or UML class model see Chapters 3 4 Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 12 Example Some of the Database Tables relations for the Univ Copyright 2017 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 13 Example of a Simplified Database Catalog Meta Data Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 14 A simplified architecture for a database system Database System The DBMS software together with the data itself the applications Users Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 15 What a DBMS Facilitates Define a particular database in terms of its data types structures and constraints Construct or load the initial database contents on a secondary storage medium Manipulating the database Retrieval Querying generating reports Modification Insertions deletions and updates to its content Accessing the database through Web applications Processing and sharing by a set of concurrent users and application programs yet keeping all data valid and consistent Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 16 Other DBMS Functionalities DBMS may additionally provide Protection or security measures to prevent unauthorized access Active processing to take internal actions on data Presentation and visualization of data Maintenance of the database and associated programs over the lifetime of the database application Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 17 Application Programs and DBMS Applications interact with a database by generating Queries that access different parts of data and formulate the result of a request Transactions that may read some data and update certain values or generate new data and store that in the database Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 18 Database Approach Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 19 Early Days of Computers Files of Records When computers came manipulating data records become easy But initial days these records were stored in the form of files The way we stored in files is similar to papers in the form of flat files to be simpler in notepad The pieces of information where all in the notepads with each field of information separated by space tab comma semicolon or any other symbol Copyright 2016 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe Slide 1 20 Traditional File