Cell Division Fruit Flies I Review of Genetics What is the difference between a gene and an allele A gene is sequence of DNA on a chromosome that determines a certain trait e g flower color A gene for a specific trait can come in variations called alleles resulting in differences for that trait e g purple and white flower Review of Genetics What is the difference between phenotype and genotype Genotype combination of alleles that an individual possess for a specific gene Phenotype an individual s observable characteristics or traits Phenotype is dependent on genotype Review of Genetics What are the general terms to describe the genotypes of diploid organisms if they have two of the same alleles for a specific trait different alleles Dominant traits are represented by a capital letter B while recessive traits are represented by a lower case letter b Review of Genetics Review of Genetics What is the difference between autosomal and sex linked inheritance If the inherited gene is located on autosomes non sex chromosomes it is called autosomal inheritance If the inherited gene is located on sex chromosomes X or Y it is called sex linked inheritance Fruit Fly Lab In the lab we can use fruit flies to determine the inheritance pattern of alleles that determine different phenotypic traits Specifically we will be looking at inheritance pattern of the eye color white eye Today set up parental cross only Why Fruit Flies Drosophila melanogaster Small Short life cycle Easy to maintain for multiple generations Produce many offspring in a short period of time Several different heritable characteristics that are easily distinguishable Drosophila melanogaster When writing by hand underline Fruit Fly Life Cycle Life Cycle Egg Embryo Larva Pupa Adult START Fruit Flies Determining Sex Differentiating Sex Size Tip of abdomen Sex combs Sex Comb Fruit Flies Colony Tube Food Water Yeast Sexed Flies Do not drown your flies keep vial on side until flies wake But wait There s more Review What type of cells are we looking at Eukaryotic Plant Cell Review Organelles Identify the parts of the cells below what structures can you see Cell Wall Nucleus w Chromatin Nucleolus Chromosomes Cytoplasm Review What type of cells are we looking at Eukaryotic Animal Cell Introduction Cell Division What are the two major phases of the cell cycle somatic cells 1 Interphase 2 Mitotic M Phase Introduction Cell Division What are the sub phases of interphase 1 G1 2 S Phase 3 G2 What is occurring during S Phase DNA synthesis creation of sister chromatids Introduction Cell Division Which of the following cells would you identify as being in INTERPHASE A B C E D Introduction Cell Division What are the sub phases of the mitotic phase PPMAT 1 Mitosis Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 2 Cytokinesis Mitosis Video Structures of Mitosis You should be able to name and identify the following structures along with the phases of the cell cycle Nucleus Nucleolus may not be able to see in animal cells Chromosomes Spindle Apparatus both poles plus microtubules Cell Plate plants only Asters animal cells only astral microtubules radiating out toward poles Spindle Fibers polar and kinetochore microtubules Equator metaphase plate Cleavage Furrow animal cells only Structures of Mitosis Example metaphase in an animal cell Spindle Apparatus Aster Chromosomes Equator Spindle Fibers Prophase What is occurring in Prophase Prophase Which of the following cells would you identify as being in PROPHASE A B E D C Prometaphase What is occurring in Prometaphase Prometaphase Which of the following cells would you identify as being in PROMETAPHASE A B E D C Metaphase What is occurring in Metaphase Metaphase Which of the following cells would you identify as being in METAPHASE A B E D C Anaphase What is occurring in Anaphase Anaphase Which of the following cells would you identify as being in ANAPHASE A B E D C Telophase What is occurring in Telophase Telophase Which of the following cells would you identify as being in TELOPHASE A B E D C Cytokinesis How is cytokinesis different between these examples Formation of Cell Plate Formation of Cleavage Furrow Mitosis Plant Cells Allium Root Tip Allium root tips to observe plant cells Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Early Anaphase Anaphase Telophase Late Telophase Mitosis Animal Cells Whitefish Blastula Whitefish blastula to observe animal cells A blastula is just an early stage in embryo development