Endocrine Pharmacology Study Guide Thyroid Hormones Thyroid Hormone Replacement Levothyroxine T4 Antithyroid Agents Thioamides Methimazole synthesis Uses Hyperthyroidism Side Effects Rash agranulocytosis Iodine containing Agents Potassium Iodide Mechanism of Action Synthetic form of T4 converts to T3 in the body Uses Hypothyroidism Side Effects Tachycardia insomnia weight loss Mechanism of Action Inhibits thyroid peroxidase decreasing thyroid hormone Mechanism of Action Inhibits thyroid hormone release Uses Thyroid storm preparation for thyroid surgery Side Effects Hypothyroidism salivary gland swelling Glucocorticoids Synthetic Glucocorticoids Prednisone expression Mineralocorticoids Mineralocorticoid Agonists Fludrocortisone Mechanism of Action Binds to glucocorticoid receptors modulating gene Uses Inflammation autoimmune disorders Side Effects Cushingoid appearance osteoporosis immunosuppression Mechanism of Action Acts on mineralocorticoid receptors promoting sodium and water retention Uses Addison s disease Side Effects Hypertension hypokalemia Insulin and Antidiabetic Agents Rapid Acting Insulin Insulin Lispro Mechanism of Action Rapid onset and short duration Uses Mealtime insulin Side Effects Hypoglycemia injection site reactions Long Acting Insulin Insulin Glargine Mechanism of Action Long duration providing basal insulin coverage Uses Basal insulin Side Effects Hypoglycemia weight gain Mechanism of Action Reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin Biguanides Metformin sensitivity Uses Type 2 diabetes Sulfonylureas Side Effects GI upset lactic acidosis Glyburide Mechanism of Action Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells Uses Type 2 diabetes Side Effects Hypoglycemia weight gain Mechanism of Action Improves insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues Uses Type 2 diabetes Side Effects Fluid retention weight gain Thiazolidinediones Pioglitazone Incretin Mimetics Exenatide Mechanism of Action Mimics the incretin hormone stimulating insulin release Uses Type 2 diabetes Side Effects Nausea pancreatitis Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 DPP 4 Inhibitors Sitagliptin Mechanism of Action Inhibits DPP 4 increasing incretin levels Uses Type 2 diabetes Side Effects Upper respiratory tract infection joint pain Sex Hormones Estrogens Estradiol Androgens Testosterone Mechanism of Action Binds to estrogen receptors Uses Hormone replacement therapy contraception Side Effects Increased risk of thromboembolism breast tenderness Mechanism of Action Binds to androgen receptors Uses Hypogonadism androgen replacement Side Effects Virilization in females mood swings Progestins Medroxyprogesterone Mechanism of Action Binds to progesterone receptors Uses Contraception hormone replacement therapy Side Effects Irregular bleeding weight gain Parathyroid Hormone and Analog Teriparatide Mechanism of Action Recombinant parathyroid hormone analog Uses Osteoporosis Side Effects Hypercalcemia leg cramps