BIOSCI 150 Fall 2022 Review sheet Exam II Read chapter 4 pages 70 84 90 96 and chapters 5 and 6 in your textbook Hillis Principles of Life 3rd ed Also see notes you take in class and PowerPoint slides in Canvas All questions for the test will only pertain to what we have discussed in class 1 1 What is meant by an endergonic or exergonic reaction 2 Explain a redox reaction CELL 1 What are the functions of cell and organelles a cell plasma membrane b nucleus c nucleolus d ribosomes e smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum f Golgi apparatus body g mitochondria h cytoskeleton i vesicles j lysosomes Explain the experiment to trace movement of proteins in cells How does diffusion osmosis passive and active transport occur in and out of cells Cell membrane various lipids and proteins in a cell membrane Could you create a membrane de novo in the lab What amounts of protein and lipid make up a cell membrane Describe the various functions of proteins in a cell membrane Describe components of signal transduction pathways Should know how to interpret the results that led to the discovery of cAMP as a second messenger Recognize components and know how GPCRs work What is a ligand Which receptors are more likely to be found in the cytoplasm What is the role of secondary messenger cAMP Are all receptors GPCRs No Structure of a JAK receptor significance of a tyrosine in these receptors phosphorylation 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 What does a kinase do 13 How does insulin effectuate the entry of glucose into cells 15 How is glucose level controlled by insulin glycogen and epinephrine in cells 16 Which two proteins on the cell membrane facilitate the entry of SAR CoV2 into our cells ACE2 and TMPRSS2 RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS Define oxidation and reduction Why are enzymes important in all metabolic processes Should be able to recognize oxidised and reduced forms of molecules Recognize the structures of NADH FADH2 See the figures on the right and know where the different processes of respiration occurs and where the products ATP NADH CO2 and FADH2are generated 2 1 Glycolysis no oxygen needed a Where occurs in cell cytoplasm b How many ATP produced Net gain of 2 ATP c What other products are produced 2NADH 2H and Pyruvic acid pyruvate 2 Transition reaction no oxygen is required pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CO A in the mitochondria and CO2 is also produced 3 Which molecule does acetyl CoA convert to citrate during this cycle oxaloacetate 4 Which molecule is regenerated during this cycle 5 What are the products of the Krebs s cycle CO2 6NADH 6H 2FADH2 and 2ATP 6 Aerobic respiration a Where does it occurs in the cell In the mitochondria b Electron transport chain should know process and the role of H describe the chemiosmotic model to explain the generation of ATP in terms of the role the inner membrane plays in creating the divide that is necessary for the proton gradient and the role of ATP synthase and cytochromes present in the inner membrane c How many ATP s produced 30 to 36 d Note that both NADH and FAD are derived from Vitamin B 7 How does ATP release energy for metabolic processes By hydrolysis 8 How many times does ATP synthase spin per sec during ATP synthesis 9 Fermentation When and where does it occur What are the products 10 What is the role of UCP1 11 Describe the structure of chloroplast 12 What is the peak absorption wavelengths for chlorophyll 13 Structure of chlorophyll 14 From where are H ions and e obtained during photosynthesis and respiration 15 Should know the outline of photosynthesis in terms of light reactions Photosystems PS I and II and Calvin cycle and what happens during these processes in terms of what is generated ATP NADPH H e glucose etc 16 What happens to the e that is stripped of H2O 17 From where does the e needed for Photosystem I come from 18 Does PS I and II and Calvin cycle occur at night 19 Describe Noncyclic and cyclic electron transport during photosynthesis and where it occurs 20 Describe what happens during the Calvin cycle carbon fixation generation of glucose and regeneration of RUBP 21 Where does Rubisco come into play and how efficient is this enzyme 22 Compare photosynthesis and respiration note that H ions accumulate in the lumen and are pushed up to the stroma in photosynthesis What happens during respiration in the mitochondria 22 Is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction What about respiration 24 What is photorespiration What key enzyme does it use and does this process generate ATP 25 What is the basic difference between chemosynthesis and photosynthesis sources of H ions e 26 What are the differences in C3 C4 and CAM plants in terms of CO2 acquisition 27 Which plants have them and what is the advantage of C4 and CAM over C3 plants 28 What is unique about the marine slug Elysia chlorotica 29 In which organisms is the Krebs cycle the reverse of what usually occurs say in eukaryotic 30 What is the significance of the discovery of the Krebs cycle being able to run in both directions species depends on the organism 3 1 Glycolysis occurs in the A nucleus B mitochondria C cytoplasm D ribosome Sample questions 2 Glycolysis requires oxygen A True B false 3 One molecule of glucose yields A more ATP molecule during anaerobic respiration than aerobic respiration B more ATP molecules during aerobic respiration than anaerobic respiration C equal amounts of ATP molecules during both anaerobic and aerobic respiration 4 Where is CO2 generated during respiration a endoplasmic reticulum d lysosomes b cytoplasm e mitochondria c ribosomes 5 When a ligand binds to a receptor it activates the receptor to open and enters the cell a true b false