BIOSCI 150 Fall 2022 Review for EXAM 1 Read chapter 1 pages 1 4 12 18 chapter 2 and chapter 3 pages 43 63 of your textbook Scientific Method Define hypothesis theories and Laws in Science Observation Question Hypothesis Experimental method Data collection Analysis Results Conclusion What is meant by a control How did the investigators prove that it was the fungus that was the pathogen for the bats in the experiment we discussed in class for WNS How did scientists show the effects of light and temperature on coral bleaching see expt on pages 14 17 See page 28 on hypotheses using geckos as an example CHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Characteristics of protons electrons neutrons Atomic mass be able to calculate Does life violate the Laws of Thermodynamics Which are the most abundant elements in the universe Know at least the first seven What are isotopes neutrons vary 3 Types of bonding hydrogen covalent share electrons and ionic gain or lose electrons bond What is the rule of octet Between which atoms would you find hydrogen bonds in water Between H and O of neighboring molecules of H2O Bonding capacities H O C Explain Stanley Miller s experiment 9 10 11 What is pH Why is water considered to have a normal pH of 7 12 Why is your oven cleaner basic rather than acidic 13 14 15 What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates CH2O n 16 Define Acids bases Functions and examples of carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids Recognize the four macromolecules we discussed in class As an example what the molecule on the right A carbohydrate lipid protein or nucleic acid 17 What is meant by endergonic vs exergonic reaction Endergonic needs an input of energy to break bonds Anabolic reactions are endergonic whereas catabolic reactions are exergonic See figure below Energy is released when chemical bonds are made not when broken 18 19 20 What makes is carbon special for life 21 Which monosaccharides make up lactose maltose and sucrose Note that all are hexamers including 1 is fructose Lactose Milk sugar glucose galactose Maltose glucose glucose Sucrose Fruit sugar glucose fructose Starch can be digested by humans but what about cellulose 22 2 23 Where and how does ester bonds form 24 What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat 25 Why is a certain amount of fat needed for our bodies to function properly provide energy make up cell membranes also are precursors for steroids How is Splenda manufactured from sugar 26 27 What is the impact of artificial sweeteners on gut microflora 28 We synthesize about 85 of needed lipids and fat but rely on diet for the rest of the 15 29 What is the precursor molecule for all steroid hormones including estrogens and testosterone Cholesterol 30 What are the building blocks of proteins amino acids 31 What is meant by essential and nonessential amino acids and lipids 32 Understand formation of Primary secondary tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein and the bonds involved peptide hydrogen covalent ionic disulfide bridges and Van der Waals forces Primary structure peptide bonds Secondary structure hydrogen bonds between amino acids resulting in either alpha coils or beta sheets Tertiary structure interactions between amino acid in a polypeptide chain by hydrogen ionic covalent disulfide bridges and van der walls forces Quaternary structure two or more polypeptides that make up the functional protein 33 Which is usually the first amino acid in a polypeptide chain during translation 34 Where would you find hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids in the quaternary structure of proteins 35 What are the unique properties of proline glycine and cysteine 36 Other than cysteine which other amino acid has sulfur Methionine but it cannot form disulfide bridges 37 What is the function of enzymes Primarily to lower activation of energy for a reaction 38 Enzymes themselves are not chemically altered during catalytic reactions to form other molecules though they may be modified example phosphorylation kinase 39 What are the differences between DNA and RNA 40 Which kind of carbohydrate makes up DNA and which is present in RNA 41 What bonds and how many are present between A T and C G 42 What is the backbone of DNA made of If we discuss Cell on Wednesday then these will also be included in the exam CELL What are the functions of cell and organelles a cell plasma membrane c nucleolus e smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum f Golgi apparatus body h cytoskeleton j lysosomes b nucleus d ribosomes g mitochondria i vesicles Splenda is modified sugar molecule How 3 A few relevant figures Water molecule Sample questions 4 1 Which of the above is an endergonic reaction 2 Which of these amino acids have only a H in their R group a Lysine d proline c glycine b valine 3 Which of these amino acids have sulfur in their R group a Lysine d proline c cysteine b valine e methionine 4 Which of these amino acids form disulfide bridges a Methionine c cysteine b valine c glycine d proline 5 Where are a chain of hydrophilic amino acids more likely to be found a inside a tertiary structure b outside a tertiary structure 6 Living organisms are only known systems that violates the Law of Entropy because has evolved from simple to complex systems a True b false 7 The two atoms in a hydrogen molecule are held together by a hydrogen bonds d a shared pair of electrons b ionic attractions e gravity c van der Waals forces 8 A single covalent chemical bond represents the sharing of how many electrons a One c Three d Four b Two e Six 9 Lipids form the barriers surrounding various compartments within an organism Which property of lipids makes them a good barrier a Many biologically important molecules and ions are not soluble in lipids b Lipids are polymers e Lipids release large amounts of energy when broken down d Lipids are triglycerides c Lipids store energy 10 Cholesterol is soluble in ether an organic solvent but it is not soluble in water Based on this information to which class of biological molecules does cholesterol belong a Nucleic acids b Carbohydrates c Proteins e Sugars d Lipids