REVIEW FOR PSYCH FINAL EXAM Chapter 13 Social Psychology Social Psychology Study of social behavior how people influence one another attitudes perceptions persuasion behaviors with others Altruism Seeking to explain why we cooperate sometimes but other times we compete with each other Bystander Effect We convince ourselves that other people will help and we don t need to do anything Less likely to help someone if they see others present in an equally good position to help Diffusion of Responsibility We feel less responsible to act if other people are equally able to act Social Loafing Tendency to work less when part of a group or sharing work with others Kohlberg Founder of Moral Dilemmas Discovered that moral reasoning progressed through distinct stages Progress as we mature Measured maturity of individuals through responses to moral dilemmas Stereotype Generalized belief about a specific group of people Primacy Effect Principle that the first information learned about someone will be more powerful influence on our perceptions than any later information will be Prejudice Irrationally unfavorable attitude toward a group of people Discrimination Negative behavior actions directed towards others Unequal treatment of different groups minorities disabled obese gays Aversive racism behavior of unintentionally discrimination against groups while expressing the belief that all people are equal Attitude a like or dislike that influences our behavior toward a person or thing Difficult to measure attitude people misinterpret questions or act impulsively Attribution Fritz Heider Set of thought processes we use to explain behavior Consensus Information How one individual s behavior compares with other people s Consistency Information How the person s behavior varies over time Distinctiveness How the person s behavior varies between situations Self serving Bias attributions we use to optimize our perception of ourselves where we attribute our success failure to personal situational factors Unfair Tests Extraordinary Skill Persuasion Any attempt to change your attitudes and your behavior The foot in the door favorable response to small request at first Intent is to get you to agree later Door In The Face Expecting you to refuse unreasonable request and then you to agree to smaller request later Bait And Switch Favorable deal is followed by additional demands after commitment has been made That s Not All Offer is improved before any reply is given Proximity Likely to become friends with people who live near us Become familiar to us Norms Rules that establish expected and accepted behavior Describes proper behavior Differs with cultures Conformity Alteration of one s behavior to match the behavior an expectation of others Conform to pressure Obedience form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands Usually referring to position of authority Group Polarization Majority of members have a strong opinion they will lean even more strongly in that direction after discussion Groupthink Suppress doubts about an issue or decision in fear of being ridiculed Dominant members silence others Chapter 14 Personality Personality Individual s characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting Sigmund Freud Developed first psychodynamic theory of personality Relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual Individual may not be aware of these forces that influence thought and behavior Difficult to test Psychoanalysis Method of explaining the working of personality based on unconscious and conscious forces Unconscious Holds memories emotions and thoughts some of which are irrational or socially unacceptable Catharsis The release of suppressed emotions to provide relief Free Association Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds in order to tap into unconscious Can lead to painful embarrassing unconscious memories Once released the patient feels better Id Biological drives that demand immediate gratification Unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives Ego Rational negotiating and decision making component of the personality Mediates the demands of the ID and Superego Superego Internalized values and rules we receive from our parents and society Transference Experience of feelings previously associated with a parent or other important figure that are transferred to the therapist Defense mechanisms Keeps anxious or unpleasant thoughts feelings in the unconscious mind Rationalization Self justifying explanations in place of real more threatening unconscious reasons Making Excuses Repression Banishes anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Motivated Forgetting Regression Leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage Juvenile behavior Denial Refusal to acknowledge a problem Projection Attributing one s undesirable characteristics or motives to other people Displacement Diversion of an unacceptable thought or impulse from its target to a less threatening one Redirects anger toward a safer outlet Sublimation transformation of sexual or aggressive energies into acceptable and pro social behaviors Reaction Formation Presentation of one s thoughts or feelings as the extreme opposite of what they are Ego unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites Horney Believed Freud exaggerated the role of sexuality in human behavior and motivation Misunderstood the motivations of women and the dynamics of family relationships Jung Collective Unconscious common reservoir of images derived from our species past Emphasis on human experience and need for spiritual meaning in life Archetypes or figures and themes that emerge repeatedly in human history across cultures Adler Founder of the school of Individual Psychology He proposed that humans naturally seek personal excellence and fulfillment and strive for superiority We create a master plan for achieving this called a style of life People who fail suffer from an inferiority complex an exaggerated feeling of inadequacy Learning Approach People adopt a variety of behavioral styles depending on social context Different behaviors when we interact with parents work friends Maslow Founder of Humanistic Psychology Believed in the ability to perceive reality accurately Treating others with unconditional positive regard Enjoyment of life Humanistic Psychology deals with values beliefs and consciousness including
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