Chapter 29 Kingdom Plantae 1 Characteristics of organisms in the Kingdom Plantae a Shared with green algae i Eukaryotic cells multicellular photoautotrophs mostly cell walls made of cellulose store excess carbon as starch have chlorophyll b as an accessory pigment all have chlorophyll a ii Sporopollenin resistant to environment b The movement onto land by charophyte ancestors i Benefits ii Challenges 1 Unfiltered sun abundant CO2 nutrient rich soil 1 Reduces access to water 2 Gravity less supportive medium air 2 Distinguishing Characters a Adaptations associated with living on land some have returned to water i 4 derived plant characters 1 Alternation of generations 2 Multicellular dependent embryos 3 Walled spores produced in sporangia 4 Multicellular gametangia archegonia or antheridia 5 Apical meristems a Other in most i Waxy cuticle reduce water loss ii Secondary metabolites a Diploid embryo is retained within depends on the tissue of the female gametophyte 3 Land plants are called embryophytes 4 Walled spores produced in sporangia 5 Multicellular gametangia a Archegonia produce eggs and are the site of fertilization b Antheridia produce and release sperm i Apical meristems onion root tip mass of dividing tissue 6 History of terrestrial adaptations a 4 major periods of plant evolution i Origin of plants from aquatic ancestors ii Charophytes green algal group b Diversification of plants with vascular tissue ferns have xylem and phloem that move water and nutrients c Origin of the seed gymnosperms ii Flowering plants evolved i Allowed further colonization of land protect embryo from desiccation 1 Specialized reproductive structure seed in a protective container 7 Classification follows a similar pattern Division angiosperms a Bryophytes 3 Phyla i Bryophyta mosses ii Heptaphyta liverwort iii Anthocerophyta hornworts 1 Gametophyte is the dominant generation haploid a Sporophyte is smaller absorbs water and nutrients from gametophyte b No vascular tissue to move water food must imbibe water at c all surfaces Lack lignin fortified tissue required to support tall plants have a low profile 8 Reproduction in Bryophytes a Need water to reproduce film of water enough flagellated sperm move towards egg b Embryonic condition gametes develop within gametangia i Antheridium male gametangium produces flagellated sperm ii Archegonium female gametangium produces 1 egg ovum iii Egg is fertilized zygote develops c picture of liverwort and life cycle 9 Vascular seedless plants 3 Phyla a Phylum Lycophyta clubmosses as high as 40 m in Carboniferous b Phylum Sphenophyta horse tails c Phylum Pterophyta ferns i Sporophyte is dominant in the lifecycle hard to find gametophyte ii Lignin strengthens walls iii have vascular tissue 1 Xylem which moves water and minerals cells are dead 2 Phloem movement of food d Can be homosporous 1 type of spore bisexual gametophyte i Gametophyte produces both male and female gametes monoecious e Heterosporous 2 types of spores male and female gametophyte f i Gametophyte produces either male or female gametes diecious separate sexes Ferns dominated in Carboniferous swamps where dead plants did not completely decay covered under high pressure to form coal deposits 10 Fern prothallus Gametophyte