Study Guide Chapter One Five foundations of Cognitive Psychology 1 Philosophy a Contributions Behavior is a product of the mind b Lacking Scientific approach c Laws of Association mind is organized meaningfully into learned associations 2 Physiology 3 Psychophysics reality 4 Structuralism a Contributions Scientific approach sensory organs b Lacking Interpretation of senses a Contributions idea of subjective interpretation perception b Lacking Questioning HOW it happened c Unconscious Inference the mind interprets perception is not a Contributions Psychology conscious experiences b Lacking Science c Three aspects i Sensation information drawn from stimuli ii Feelings emotions activated from stimuli iii Images mental representations that seem sensory d Introspection 5 Behaviorism a Contributions Scientific approach to psychology b Lacking Idea of brain use c 3 aspects of scientific study observable measurable repeatable d Black Box the mind is a black box that exists but doesn t cause behavior e Stimulus response reinforcement Ebbinghaus Method Tested meaningless strings of letters for memory Established core principles of memory Savings fewer trials to relearn something learned Forgetting curve Bartlett s Method Schemata stored structures for past events that guide reconstruction Memory is reconstructive with omissions and additions War of Ghost s example Contributions o Behavior as result of mental processes o Reconstruction o External vs internal validity Gestalt Psychology Whole is greater than sum of the parts Evidence against Behaviorism Learning without responding t maze Learning without reinforcement larger maze Latent learning learning without reinforcement Cognitive Map 3 path mazes Information processing Computer metaphor o Input calculate math problem o Processing Central unit processing information o Output gives an answer Connectionism s criticism of computer metaphor Serial vs parallel can do multiple things at once instead of in order Invariance writing styles a a a a Nervous System Neuron Anatomy Hebb s Principle 2 neurons that talk together more gain stronger connectivity 3 regions of the brain Hindbrain mindbrain forebrain 4 lobes of the brain o occipital primary visual cortex o temporal primary auditory cortex o parietal lobe somatosensory touch o frontal lobe motor cortex and prefrontal cortex Two hemispheres lateralization o Split brain study Traumatic Brian Injury Broca s area understand speech unable to produce Wernicke s area speech production insensible speech comprehension impaired EEG measures electrical activity in brain CT localize damage from tumor or lesion TMS temporary brain lesion fMRI measures blood flow in brain gives function and structure Study Guide Chapter Two Part 1 Perception Perception Psychological Post transduction Brain s organization and interpretation Efficiency not accuracy evolutionary influence Light waves sound waves physical pressure etc physical stimulus to electrochemical signal Sensation Transduction Receptors Physiological Perceptions w out Sensations Hallucination Extrasensory perception Precognition Isolation tank Sensory Deprivation Sensation w out Perception Face blindness prosopagnosia Color blindness achromatopsia Word blindness agnosic alexia Perceptual Processing Top down interpretation influenced by expectations knowledge context Bottom up o Stimulus driven o No mental influence o Sensation directly causes perception Organization o Proximity images near each other are grouped together o Similarity similar objects are grouped together o Good Continuation lines flow naturally in a single direction o Closure fill in partially complete contours o Common Fate group elements moving in the same direction or at same speed Muller Lyer Illusion Perceive 3D object but its 2D Convex angle seem further longer Concave angle seem nearer shorter Global Precedence Whole comes before parts Global whole perceived object Local parts that make up the object Study o Images consistent neutral conflicting o Task H or S Global or local Synesthesia one sense activates another sense Involuntary automatic unidirectional consistent Why does it happen neural cross talk 2 parts of the brain talk too much and become the same region McGurk Effect Mouth vision gah Gah bah Dah Speech audition bah Part 2 Consciousness Consciousness awareness of external and internal events Four types Self knowledge about yourself facts Monitoring ability to reflect on own thinking metacognition Access manipulation of information and mental processes unaware Phenomenal subjective awareness of thinking Blindsight Access without phenomenal processing w out being aware What vs where pathways in occipital lobe what is damaged Anton Babinski Syndrome Opposite of Blindsight Occipital lobe damage People are blind but don t believe it Subliminal perception Lexical Decisions Task Priming one word activates associated words Color naming study says subliminal priming works Subliminal priming Marcel 1983 o Pretest o Flash words at various presentation times o Yes 50 means subliminal messages below threshold Cheesman 1984 o Access without phenomenal o Same method but if they answered no they were forced to answer a color Technology o If truly no priming doesn t work o Perceived changes but not effective Study Guide Chapter Three Three Basic characteristics Limited capacity o Juggler metaphor hold all things in the air at the same time difference is you can t get better with practice o Spotlight metaphor whatever is in the center of attention gets processed Flexibility easily shifted o Cocktail party effect Voluntary control choose to direct attention Pre attentive Before focused attention Very quick Prethinking Post attentive After focused attention Choose to focus on something Subitizing Counting Pre attentive quick effortless small numbers 1 2 3 Post attentive requires focused thought larger number 4 Goal driven attention Space based attention Active attention goals guide attention willful direction Focused spotlight center has most processing Laberge o Present 7 T Z o Respond when 7 is present measure reaction times o Processing faster closer to spotlight at middle position Stimulus driven attention Passive attention stimulus guides attention gets grabbed Attentional Capture what draws our attention Visual search task o Look for object target o Vary amount of overlap overlap Features overlap in shape but not color only small amount of More distractors do not slow down reaction
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