EXAM 1 Study Guide YOU KNOW YOU ARE READY FOR THE TEST IF YOU ARE ABLE TO Define psychology and describe the goals that psychologists hope to achieve Describe the history of psychology Discuss the current state of psychology including the most common perspectives Describe the scientific method and its purpose Discuss descriptive research correlational research and experimental research and identify the differences between these three types of research methods Introduce the peripheral nervous system and describe its role in the body Identify some basic structures of the brain and explain their functions Describe some of the basic methods used to observe the structure and activity of the brain Explain what neurons are and how they work to transfer and process information Identify the major groups of neurotransmitters in the brain and describe the behaviors attributed to each Explain some of the basic principles of psychopharmacology such as dosage tolerance withdrawal and dependence Review Outline This is an OUTLINE You need to fill in the details from your notes in class Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology Definition of Psychology Scientific study of Behavior and Mental Processes What does it mean to be scientific Empirical approach gathering knowledge using your senses Unbiased or objective Critical thinking Definition of Behavior the way people act overt actions right there Behavior can be directly observed Definition of Mental processes anything that you re thinking remembering feeling Covert hidden can t be directly observed Goals of Psychology Describe what Explain why Predict under what circumstances Control behavior how can we change A brief History Wilhelm Wundt Father of Psychology interested in what makes up human consciousness Structuralism describing the mind by breaking down thoughts into their most basic idea elements Reaction time event response assumptions long reaction time vs short reaction time Introspection more subjective method an apple is red sweet smooth Gestalt Psychology you can only psychology as a whole William James functionalism Functionalism understanding the purpose of thoughts and behavior in an individual s adaption to the environment Incorporated natural election John Watson behavior is a result of environment wanted to rid of other methods Behaviorism the study of observable behavioral responses and the environment that determine those responses Watson s Little Albert Experiment white rat and loud noise Albert is scared of white rat Humanistic Cognitive Evolutionary Sociocultural Biological Behaviorism Psychodynamic study of how we think remember can t exactly observe mental and behavrioal problems caused by conflicts between Steps of the scientific method Purpose of the scientific method emphasizes free will self actayualization and human nature as groth Focus on natural selection adaptation Emphasizes social interactions and cultural determinants of behavior behavior is a direct result of events in the body observable behavrioal responses Psychology Today acceptable behavior and unacceptable desires seeking experiemce and motivations for behavior and mental processes specifically ethnicity religion occupation and socioeconomic status as predictors of behavior Scientific Method Research Methods Descriptive research Correlational Research Experimental Research Cannot determine cause effect Characteristics Positive Correlations Negative correlations Correlation Coefficients r Can determine cause effect Operational Definitions Independent variable vs Dependent variable Experimental group vs Control group Naturalistic Observation Case Study Surveys Strength Direction Strong vs Weak Chapter 2 The Brain and Behavior Definition of Nervous system The body s electrochemical communication system What is electrochemical communication system electrochemical Electricity and chemicals to communicate Definition of Behavioral Neuroscience the study of how the nervous system affects and controls behavior Electrochemical transmission Communication from nerve cell to nerve cell Electrical impulse and chemical message Organization of the nervous system Central Nervous system Brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Motor system that automatically and involuntarily activates or inhibits internal organs of the body Affects pupils blood pressure respiratory rate heart rate bladder and bowels blood flow sweat salivation and hormones Sympathetic Parasympathetic Somatic Sensory Motor Neurophysiology of the Peripheral Nervous system Autonomic nervous system involuntary motor system Sympathetic fight or flight activated when you re nervous or scared pupils dilate blood pressure Parasympathetic calm relaxation and digestion activated when you re relaxed makes you feel calm Somatic Sensory and motor system that relays information about touch and pain to the central nervous system and sends messages from the brain to the muscles to produce voluntary movement Sensory info Voluntary movement Neurophysiology of the Brain Hindbrain structures Medulla vital functions Pons sleep and arousal Cerebellum balance and coordination Midbrain structures Tectum and Tegmentum visual reflexes Reticular formation arousal Brainstem Medulla pons and reticular formation Forebrain structures The limbic system emotions and memory Amygdala fear and anxiety Hippocampus learning and memory Hypothalamus body regulation The Thalamus sensory relay station Basal Ganglia movement The Cerebral Cortex Right vs left hemispheres Contralateral organization The corpus callosum 4 lobes Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Somatosensory cortex Auditory cortex Visual cortex Prefrontal cortex higher cognitive thinking Motor cortex Viewing the brain Imaging the brain Computerized Tomography CT scans looks for tumors kidney stones can be used in other parts of the body image isn t that high quality Uses multiple x rays Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI Uses large magnetic fields and radio frequency waves higher resolution use magnets and magnets measures frequencies Look at soft tissue Measuring activity in the brain Electroencephalogram EEG Measures surface brain activity through the skull Positron Emission Tomography PET scan Measure radioactive glucose uptake Functional MRI Images the brain AND shows activity Uses oxygen uptake Parts of a Neuron Cell body Dendrites receive messages Axon conducts message Myelin sheath speeds up message Terminal buttons
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