1 Happy 2 Fear 3 Anger 4 Sad 5 Disgust 6 Surprise Key Points Classnotes 8 Chapter 8 Psychosocial Development The first 3 yrs of life Baby s Perception of Emotion Still face or Stony face paradigm 1 mom interacts normally with baby 2 mom is still face 3 baby attempts to get re engage mom 4 mom re engages with baby 5 baby shows relief Six Universal Facial Emotions Baby doesn t like this they prefer to see some emotion vs no emotion they may turn away These emotions are universal evolutionarily old culturally bound Present from birth must be important Reliable and valid ways of interpreting others Baby s Expression of Emotion First signs of emotion Crying infant is in state of discomfort Hunger anger frustration and pain By 6 months of age presentation by baby of universal emotions in place Self Conscious vs Self Awareness Self conscious everyone is looking at me because of my pimple Peaks in adolescence Spotlight effect Embarrassment envy Suicide rates Self Awareness A cognitive understanding of a recognizable and separate identity from rest of the world Object permanence you are separate from everything around you thoughts and feelings are separate unless expressed Get this around 15 24 months 24 months would bring concern if child is lacking autism Beginning of empathy and moving away from egocentrism towards allocentrism Theory of Mind Do you understand my mind Sally Ann example Gaze What are you looking at Tends to tell people whether they re interested or not We will look where others are looking Self awareness studies Primates are aware of their reaction when looking in the mirror They will explore themselves via the mirror children too Primate Self awareness Gallup The mirror test late 60s Observation of reaction of primates as they view their own mirrored reflection Theory of mind is crucial to us Given mirror for 8 hours a day up to 2 weeks Mirror Test Part One Initially humans non humans treat reflection as other individuals Eventually they self explore or inspect body parts they couldn t normally see Similar to inspecting a bald spot Do I look fat in these jeans Rouge Test Mark Test Mirror Test Part two Draw a mark somewhere on baby s face nose cheek etc Does baby notice the mark Usually they will try to wipe it off Considerable time spent inspecting mark strange part of their body means they have self Internalized identity that permits recognition of an external representation of themselves awareness or theory of mind Implications of mirror test mirror image I have distinct physical existence This distinct existence permits knowledge that I am an observer and I am also observed Temperament The innate or genetically based aspect of an individual s psychological traits Different than personality Robust unchanging lifelong Reactivity unreactive mellow vs reactive Anxious Glass half full vs half empty optimism Goodness of fit Easy kids make for an easy time Difficult kids with reactive parents make for a hard time Addresses interaction of parent and child Active parent active baby Cuddling mom non cuddling baby Am I being rejected Toddlerhood Temperaments Easy 40 Happy Regular feeding and sleeping schedules go with the flow if schedule is interrupted Readiness to accept new experiences Likes new foods Smiles at strangers Little fussing Adapts quickly to newness Advantages Parents are confident Disadvantages Confidence is falsely gained Small tool kit Difficult 10 Irritable Sleeps and eats irregularly Suspicious of new situations Frustrated easily tantrums Adjusts slowly to change Advantages More patient person Big tool kit Constantly problem solving Disadvantages Baby at risk for being hurt because of frustration Slow to Warm up 15 Responds slowly to change Mildly intense reaction to both positive and negative Mildly negative to new stimuli situations people Slowly OK with repeated and pleasant exposure Advantages Confident parents more so than those of easy babies Disadvantages Small tool kit No practice in tackling problems Temperamental Patterns NYLS findings 40 were east children like Amy generally happy rhythmic in biological functioning and accepting of new experiences 10 were difficult children like Brooke more irritable and harder to please irregular in biological rhythms and more intense in expressing emotion 15 were slow to warm up children like Christina mild but slow to adapt to new people and situations Self regulation Control of one s own behavior to conform to a caregiver s demands or expectations even when the caregiver is not present How is this related to the socialization of children Self regulation is the foundation of socialization and it links all domains of development Ex until Laticia was physically able to get around on her own electric outlets posed not hazard To stop herself from poling her finger into an outlet requires that she consciously understand and remember what her father told her cognitive awareness She must also restrain herself emotional control Committed compliance Situational Compliance of ongoing parental control Kochanska s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent s orders without reminders or lapses Kochanska s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent s orders only in the presence of signs Stranger Situation child is 10 months 2 years looked at differences in the quality of child caregiver relationship and attachments Test is less than a half hour 1 baby mother and stranger in room together 2 mother leaves 3 mother returns reunion big deal crucial How is the baby reacting 4 both mom and stranger leave 5 baby alone 6 stranger returns offers comfort 7 mother returns reunion Categories of Attachment Secure 65 Mother is secure base for exploration kid will go farther to play explore Baby demonstrates stranger separation anxiety Calms down almost instantly when mom returns Cooperative with stranger Self soother Insecure Avoidant 20 Insecure Ambivalent Resistance 15 Child appears angry or frustrated No apparent stranger or separation anxiety although heart monitor shows otherwise Mother is avoided when she returns Mother s return does not calm the baby down Does not self soothe Hits mother hugs her violently kicks squirms Anxious before mother even leaves clingy Extreme stranger and separation anxiety Little exploration very clingy 4 th Category Abused neglected kids Disorganized disoriented General look of confusion daze Least secure Over represented by abused and neglected children Ainsworth Caregiving Scales CASE Used to