GEO 4421 0001 Cultural Geography Final Exam Review Date 4 29 15 Time 12 30 pm Location Bellamy 005 Instructor Nicholas Quinton WHITE ELITE WHITE POOR BLACK ENSLAVED later formerly enslaved Race Skin color Physical Heredity Biology Heritage Identification Ethnicity Cultural Food Language Origin nationality Values Religion Art Identification Territorial Ethnic homelands and islands o Large homeland small island o Both are rural o Group of people who share a definitive culture together Ethnic neighborhood or ghetto o Both are urban o Ghetto distinction is power indicates that there was a power struggle segregation property rights etc and people were forced to live around each other o Neighborhood people chose to live around each other Race is a social structure race as place making Personal practices Identity is personal but not individual o Identity is formed by daily experiences but it is not individual o People have the tendency to have similar daily experiences Othering through locating a group in out of a place o What makes you different from other people o You see the worst of yourself in someone else o First move is defining another Identifying another finding the worst characteristics in them o Second move is that the group actually doing the othering gets their own identity as well o The power to other is not shared equally amongst groups Some groups have a greater capacity to exclude or include other groups Power Complex Some groups do not have the power to other Some groups cannot be racist because they do not have the power Article The White South s Last Defeat Melting Pot in the North never really applied to the South White south is on its last leg and it s going to fight its way to through White and blacks have similar characteristics they just look at it differently First defeat Civil War o White southerners lost to the continental US US North the Nation Second Defeat Civil Rights o Black codes Jim Crow laws destroyed White Southerners lost to the nation as a whole Looming defeat immigration o White southerners othered by the rest of the country Unhyphenated Americans o Conflict is as much of a struggle as victimhood o Power is not equal in this othering process In this case white southerners have less power o They were referred to as the un hyphenated Americans Their identity is not entirely in the hands of who is othering them Their identity is as much about their struggle their attempt to alleviate the imbalance of power as it is with struggling as being a victim Basically identity is not completely formed by being othered it is also formed by your actions against them identifying you o The rest of the nation has a melting pot identity Invisibility as othering Tension between groups with asymmetrical power relations Normal when in power the great power will argue anything but race o group that s being othered call it out cast out of place Race is invisible in this article Last Defeat unhyphenated Americans don t think they have a race o Othering tension between groups with asymmetrical power relations Group doing othering has more power Group being othered has less o Group with less power identity formed in the conflict in being victims and fighting it o Group with more power identity formed is invisible or normal If the group that is being othered brings up that the group with more power is making it a race issue instead of being invisible then they will be pushed out even more In this case the un hypenated Americans don t feel as if they have a race invisible so this is backwards from Nick s views The author isn t doing an argument about race as place making but rather he is assigning the invisibility to the group who has been othered o Invisibility who gets to be invisible Nich suggests that the people doing the othering are invisible The author suggests the people othered are invisibile Nich says that the author missed talking about the struggle between the unhyphenated Americans and African Americans Author only gave passing opinion of this struggle In order to fit the definition of race as place making that Nich gave us we need to think about struggle between groups Says he agrees that unhyphenated Americans are an invisible race but the struggle that the author identifies to make this argument doesn t fit In addition to these struggles there are others Antebellum South Pre Civil War right before it o Civil rights bill is passed o Opulent mansions of slave masters o Enslaved working the fields There were a small group of elite landholding whites Overwhelming majority were poor non landholding whites and enslaved people There were gender distinctions between each of these but this is just a class breakdown The practices in the south that had a dramatic impact on identity practices o Chattel slavery Property slavery Assumption of ownership enslaved people were considered property Slaves are being actively exploited Poor white people were being exploited as well They were put into competition with slave holders Behaviors that surrounded chattel slavery was o Profitable Elite Whites o Exploitable Poor Whites Enslaved o Distinction between Elite Whites and Poor Whites Enslaved The ideology of white supremacy kept the poor whites and enslaved from forming an alliance Some people say that slavery is not that bad Ideology was that the enslaved were like children who couldn t take care of themselves if set free 13th amendment abolished slavery 14th amendment granted citizenship to all those who were enslaved 15th amendment granted the right to vote to everyone Immediately after the civil war there was a re establishment of the enslaved group they are now the formerly enslaved Ideology of white supremacy among every white in the south o Related to understanding the vast majority of slave people in the US South Enslaved were livestock and should be treated as such Distinction in middle of whites blacks for who can be considered to be a person Reconstruction Era Labor contracts Outright denial of land reforms legal means of enslavement o Per capita tax tax owed by every citizen in the state 3 If you failed to pay it you were subject to arrest This arrest style was not consistent White poor and formerly enslaved had a hard time paying this Most of the people being arrested were the formerly enslaved o Vagrancy laws If police see you on the street and not working you can be arrested for being a vagrant These people were sent to work on a farm until they finished their