Psychology 101 Fall 2012 Exam 3 Study Guide Part 1 This is intended to be a guide only You are responsible for all of the lecture material and assigned reading material Classical conditioning 1 What are the UR US CR and CS Unconditioned responses are in classical conditioning the unlearned naturally occurring responses to the unconditioned stimulus such as salvation when food is in mouth unconditioned stimulus are in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response Conditioned response in classical conditioning the learned response to previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus is in classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response In classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response In operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response 2 What is acquisition 3 What is extinction The diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced The view that psychology 1 should be an objective science that 2 studies behavior without reference to mental processes Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2 A relatively permanent change in an organism s behavior due to experience A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Learning that certain events occur together as in classical conditioning or a response and its consequences as in operant conditioning 8 What is spontaneous recovery 9 What is generalization The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses 10 What is higher order conditioning A procedure in which the conditioned stimuli in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second often weaker conditioned stimulus For example an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone also called second order conditioning 11 What is discrimination In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus 4 What is Behaviorism 5 What is learning 6 What is classical conditioning 7 What is associative Learning 12 How did Watson and Raynor instill fear in Little Albert These two conditioned albert by presenting a commonly feared stimulus a loud noise specifically a hammer striking a bar whenever albert was presented with a white rat After several occasions of albert seeing a rat then immediately hearing a loud noise albert learned to associate fear with the rat as well as other similar stimuli such as a rabbit A dog and a sealskin coat however it did not affect his feelings towards dissimilar objects such as toys 13 What is counterconditioning 14 What is a conditioned aversion Behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning Learning that occurs when negative associative memories cause something to subsequently experienced as unpleasant Operant conditioning 15 What is operant conditioning A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher training a puppy with treats and yelling 16 What is respondent behavior 17 What is operant behavior Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus Behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences 18 What is Thorndike s law of effect The principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely 19 How did Skinner study behaviorism Skinner developed a behavioral technology that reveals principles of behavior control did work with teaching pigeons behaviors 20 What is a Skinner box he Created an operant chamber commonly known as a skinner box The box has a bar or key that the animal activates to release a food reward it also has a device to record the responses 21 What is shaping What are successive approximations Shaping is an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior successive approximations reward responses that are ever closer to te desired behavior and you ignore all other responses 22 What are reinforcements and punishments reinforcement is a conditioning process that increases the probability that a response will occur punishments are conditioning processes that decrease the probability that a response will occur 23 What are negative reinforcement positive reinforcement negative punishment and positive punishment negative reinforcement is increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli such as a shock A negative reinforce is any stimuli that when removed after a response strengthens the response not punishment positive reinforcement is increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food A positive reinforce is any stimuli that when presented after a response strengthens the response negative punishment is when the removal of a pleasant stimulus decreases the probability of a behavior positive punishment is when an unpleasant stimulus follows a behavior in turn decreasing the probability of that behavior 24 What are continuous and intermittent reinforcement continuous reinforcement is reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs intermittent partial reinforcement is reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement What are the schedules of reinforcement fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval and variable interval fixed ratio schedule is in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses variable ratio schedule is in operant
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