how positive or negative the experience is how active or passive the experience is a positive or negative experience that is associated with a Chapter 8 Emotion and Motivation Emotional Experience The Feeling Machine Valence Arousal Emotion particular pattern of physiological activity James Lange theory produces and emotional experience in the brain and emotional experience in the brain about the causes of physiological arousal experience Two factor theory Schachter and Singer Appraisal Emotion regulation Cannon Bard theory a stimulus triggers activity in the body which in turn a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body emotions are based on inferences evaluation of the emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus strategies people use to influence their own emotional inhibiting outward signs of an emotion o Suppression o Affect labeling o Reappraisal way on thinks about the emotion eliciting stimulus putting one s feelings into words changing one s emotional experience by changing the Emotional Communication Msgs w o Words Emotional expression Zygomatic major Obicularis oculi Universality hypothesis everyone observable sign of an emotional state muscle that pulls lip corners up muscle that crinkles outside edges of our eyes emotional expressions have the same meaning for o Anger disgust fear happiness sadness and surprise emotional expressions can cause the emotional Facial feedback hypothesis experiences they signify Display rule norm for appropriate expression of emotion exaggerating expression of emotion muting expression of one s emotion expressing one emotion when feeling another 1 2 Deintensification 3 Masking 4 Neutralizing Intensification feeling an emotion but displaying no expression Difference between sincere and insincere facial expressions 1 Morphology certain facial muscles resist conscious control Crinkling of eyes when smiling sincere more symmetric sincere second 5 seconds 2 Symmetry 3 Duration 4 Temporal Patterning sincere appears and disappears slowly Polygraphs are unreliable Motivation Getting Moved Motivation Capgras syndrome causes people to believe 1 or more of family members are the purpose for or psychological cause of an action Hedonic principle the fault of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends without claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure imposters and avoid pain Instinct foresight of the ends and without previous education in the performance the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state an internal state cause by physiological needs Homeostasis Drive Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs tells brain its hungry ghrelin switches hunger off Leptin receives orexigenic signals Orexigenic signal Anorexigenic signal Ventromedial hypothalamus Bulimia nervosa Lateral hypothalamus purging and sever restriction of food intake Anorexia nervosa receives anorexigenic signals eating disorder characterize by binge eating followed by eating disorder characterized by intense fear of being fat Obesity is defined as having a BMI of 30 or greater Metabolism Dihydroepiandosterone DHEA involved in initial onset of sexual desire Human sexual response cycle the rate at which energy is used by the body stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity 4 Phases of Human Sexual Response 1 Excitement phase organs heart and respiration increase blood pressure rises erect nipples sex flush hard penis lubricated vagina muscle tension and blood flow increase around sex 3 Orgasm 2 Plateau phase heart rate and muscle tension increase man s urinary bladder closes and Cowper s gland secretes fluid woman s clitoris withdraws slightly vagina more lubricated swell and muscles tighten breathing becomes rapid and pelvic muscles begin rhythmic contractions o Men ejaculate 2 5 mL of semen 4 Resolution resting state o Refractory period muscles relax blood pressure drops body returns to stimulation doesn t produce excitement motivation to take actions that are themselves Extrinsic Motivation Conscious motivations Unconscious motivation Need for acheivement Approach motivation Avoidance motivation Terror Management theory Intrinsic Motivation rewarding of their own mortality work to reinforce their cultural worldviews Mortality salience hypothesis motivation to take actions that lead to a reward motivations of which people are aware motivations of which people are not aware motivation to solve worthwhile problems motivation to experience a positive outcome motivation not to experience a negative outcome people reminded of their own mortality will theory about how people respond to knowledge
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