GEOG1003 Introduction to Human Geography Asia and Africa Fall 2015 Exam 1 Study Guide The exam will take place in class on Thursday 17th September A regular scantron form will be required along with a pencil The questions in the exam will be derived from points covered in this study guide The material covered in the test is contained in Chapters 1 and 8 of the textbook Words and phrases in bold generally refer to specific section headings in the textbook Chapter 1 World Regions in Global Context 1 The etymology of the word Geography the language it derived from and its meaning It is derived from the Greek language It means writing of the earth 2 The various types of shared characteristics that enable us to define distinct global Regions Large areas of the world that share similar cultural environmental economic or political characteristics 3 The definitions of Systems Interdependence and Change provided in the textbook Systems a set of elements linked together so that changes in one element often result in changes in another Interdependence World regions affect and are affected by each other Change the regions emerged over time and new regions will take their place in the future 4 The processes of Globalization and Regionalization What each term refers to how they are related and how they operate together Globalization the environments economies and societies of the globe have been tied together Regionalization how when and why new regions emerge Qualities of some regions can be linked to other regions through globalization 5 The definitions of Weather and Climate and the difference between them Weather the current state of temperature and precipitation at a particular time and place Climate the typical conditions of the weather expected at a place over a long term average 6 The ways by which the Earth s Climate System makes places globally interconnected yet locally differentiated and the example given in the book of Manaus and Phoenix Interactions of air water and the sun s energy circulating around the globe create the climate system Manaus and Phoenix are connected by the system The sun makes the air warm at the equator that air rises and releases its moisture over the Amazon This rising air also flows north becoming drier and eventually sinking over the southwestern US There the air dries further and forms an air mass that limits rainfall for much of the year So Phoenix is dry because Manaus is wet 7 The reasons why the current era has been named as the Anthropocene Or the human era In reference to the leading role humans are playing in changing the Earth system through consumptions population growth pollution etc 8 The time of the year when the sun s rays hit Earth most directly and focus the greatest solar energy at the Equator the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn The summer solstice Tropic of Cancer the winder solstice Tropic of Capricorn 9 The causes of the ITCZ and the directions it moves throughout the year ITCZ is the region where air flows together and rises vertically as a result of intense solar heating at the Equator The ITCZ moves north and south of the Equator with the seasons and the angle of the sun The winds associated with the ITCZ also shift as this belt of pressure moves north and south of the Equator throughout the year 10 The main characteristics of these Climate Zones identified in the textbook Mediterranean Continental Polar and Highlands Mediterranean farther north and south beyond tropical Climates are greatly affected by the side of the continent that they re on usually on the western side They re warm with more moderate temperatures because they re close to the ocean Continental on the temperate interiors of the North American and Eurasian continents Somewhat drier and often have long cold winters Polar and Highlands in extreme north and south Dominated by the cold that results from their distance from the Equator Also in mountainous areas which tend to differ from nearby valleys 11 The Major Indicators of Climate Change Figure 1 11 in textbook Increasing phenomena temperature over land humidity air temp near surface troposphere temp over oceans tree lines shifting poleward and upward sea surface temp sea level species migrating poleward and upward ocean heat content Decreasing phenomena glaciers snow cover spring coming earlier sea ice ice sheets 12 The three largest overall emitters of greenhouse gases Their per capita emissions The largest overall emitters US China and Brazil US 20 tons of greenhouse gasses per person Brazil 12 tons of greenhouse gasses per person China 4 tons of greenhouse gasses per person 13 The location s on the earth where Projections of Global Temperature Increase by 2080 is expected to be greatest Possible those agricultural production areas like the wheat belt of or the wine regions of Cali shift northward or become eliminated Some areas could become dramatically drier others may have higher rainfall Sea levels rise from ice melt and seawater expansion may change the outlines of continents 14 The three different types of plate boundary described in the textbook Figure 1 16 The American USA example of a Transform boundary Convergent plates colliding into one another Divergent plates split apart from one another Transform plates that slide past each other American example of a transform boundary San Fran fault line 15 The regions of the world where forest cover has increased between 1990 2010 Table 1 1 Asia and Europe 16 The estimated annual cost of Invasive Species in the United States Exceeds 138 billion annually 17 The textbook s definition of Sustainability specifically the ways in which it includes social economic and environmental concerns Sustainability refers to meeting the current and future human needs while preserving the environmental resources Economic growth and change when environmental impacts are manageable and fairly distributed across social classes regions and generations For more than 40 years there have been calls for environmental sustainability including international agreements to reduce pollution and protect species 18 The example of coffee as a Commodity Chain given in the textbook the ways in which global connections create different outcomes for producers and consumers A network of labor and production processes that starts with production of raw materials like coffee beans and ends with sellers of coffee In between are numerous people who buy sell and process brewed coffee Their