Emily Yehezkel General Psychology Review Sheet Chapter 1 The Evolution of a Science 1 Psychology the scientific study of the mind and behavior 2 The Great Philosophers Greek a Plato b Aristotle i Nativism certain knowledge is inborn ii Innate knowledge a Children figure out language early on i Tabula rosa blank slate ii Philosophical empiricism knowledge is acquired through experience a Child s mind is a blank space b Experiences lead to knowledge c Combination of nativism and philosophical empiricism are models for nurture vs nature 3 The Great Philosophers French a Descartes b Franz Gall i Dualism mind and body are fundamentally different ii Pineal gland where mind influences body communicate i Phrenology specific areas in the brain relate to abilities ii Mapping the mind a Bumps on the skull b Certain areas of the brain are responsible for psychological functions 4 Biology a Pierre Flourens i Removed specific parts of the brain ii Added precision through surgical experiments to Gall s claim i Patient unable to speak but could understand ii Broca s area 5 Physiology to Psychology i Measured the speed of nerve impulses of frogs ii Stimulus and reaction time b Paul Broca a Helmholtz b Wundt i Helmholtz assistant Founder of Psychology ii 1874 he wrote the book Principles of Psychology iii 1879 1st psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig iv Structuralism a Analysis of basic elements that constitute the mind breaking down consciousness b Introspection the subjective observation of one s own experience Clinical therapy practice 6 USA a Titchener b James function c Darwin be passed on d G Stanley Hall i Brought psychology and structuralism to the United States ii First lab at Cornell University in the USA i Functionalism study of the purpose mental processes serve overall i The Origin of Species ii Natural Selection features of an organism that help a person adapt will i Child development and adolescence ii Created the first psych journal and APA 7 Illusions of movement a Myeller Lyer illusion b Max Wertheimer 8 Birth of Gestalt Psychology i Led to the Birth of Gestalt Psychology a Perception plays a role in psychology b Perception of wholes not parts c Psychological disorders can shed light on the workings of the normal mind 9 Influences of Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Response a Freud i Psychoanalytic Theory ii Unconscious mind trauma iii iv Psychoanalysis bringing unconscious material to help Impact behavior b Humanistic Psychology i People have the need to grow and reach potential ii Someone with a problem is not on the right track to reach their full 10 Behaviorism potential a Study objectively observable behavior b John B Watson Influenced by Pavlov i ii Condition in infants Little Albert c B F Skinner i The condition chamber Skinner Box ii Advent of computers decline in behaviorism iii Informing processing systems flow of information through the mind a The brain is the hardware and the mind is the software iv Cognitive psychology remembering attending feeling thinking believing evaluating assessing d Sir Frederic Bartlett i Gave subjects stones to remember ii Expectations affect actual memory e Hermann Ebbinghaus i Nonsense syllables for studying memory ii Used himself as a test subject f Jean Plaget i Cognitive errors of children and insight into minds 11 Emergence of Cognitive Psychology Technology a World War II how to train radar operations b Donald Broadbent i Paying attention to several things at one time c George Miller i Similarity in capacity limitations across situations ii 7 2 pieces of information 12 Rise of Cognitive Neuroscience a Software of the brain b Karl Lashley i Find spot in the brain where learning occurs ii Designed behavioral neuroscience biopsychology c Learn about relationships between brain and behavior a PET scans fMRI brain scanning 13 Social and Cultural Perspectives a Social psychology studied the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior influenced by the country b Cultural psychology cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members Chapter 2 Methods of Psychology 1 Goals of Psychological Research a Observe things going on in the environment and describe such behaviors i Observations that describe b Predict behavior two behavior events and predict what may occur next c Explain behavior go beyond what is occurring and look at why its occurring preliminary goal of psychological research d Control or change behavior answer bigger questions change behaviors 2 The Scientific Method test ideas theories a Specifying a problem i Goal of science is to answer questions ii Finding an area to study in order to answer such questions b Observing events systematically i Quantitative data number system ii Qualitative data description c Forming a hypothesis before conducting research i A tentative idea that might explain a set of observation s ii Lead research what direction the theory is correct 3 Techniques of Scientific Research a Descriptive Research iii Formed based on previous research or evidence iv A priori after collecting data one forms a hypothesis d Testing the hypothesis i Operational definition specifies measurement of manipulation until it defines something ii Specify how to measure or manipulate clarify how you will measure e Formulating a theory i Theory an interlocking set of concepts or principles that explains a set of observations ii Giving an explanation of why or how something occurs iii NOT hypotheses because it includes the WHY i Test its predictions ii Prediction expectation about specific events that should occur if f Testing a theory 1 Natural observation real world setting 2 Case studies single instance examined in detail but researcher must be cautious about generalizing findings 3 Surveys collect lots of data quickly but there is a problem accurately admitting to personal items a Things may happen that do not normally happen b Correlational Research Investigate the relationship between two or more variables i ii Correlation changes in the measurements of one variable are accompanied by changes in the measurement of another variable 1 Investigate the relationship between two variables iii Correlation coefficient index of how closely related two measured variables iv Positive Negative Zero 0 no correlation c Experimental Research i Provides the strongest way to test hypotheses ii Can provide evidence that one event causes another Independent variable internationally varied 1 2 Dependent
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