Gen Psych Exam I Study Guide Chapters 2 4 and 5 Disclaimer I took this class fall of 2015 and I hope I can help So here is my version of Professor Updegraff s exam review with the answers I hope this helps you study for your exam Good Luck Ch 2 Research Methods Operational Definition Statement of a procedure that is used to define research variables Defining variables in practical terms Taking complicated Independent dependent variables and explaining them This is important so we can understand how we can prove the hypothesis Falsifiability Possibility that a hypothesis can be proven false by an observation or experiment Pros and Cons of research methods Method Pros Case Study Survey Large groups Easy Behavior and opinion Naturalistic Observation Experimental Method Observing something in its natural habitat Random selection and accurate Cons It is not a good representation of everyone Can be done dishonestly people lying on survey can easily be tampered with Random Sampling When a participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group of an experiment Correlation Relationship between two variables Positive correlation If high levels of one variable are associated with high levels of another variable then the correlation is positive Negative Correlation If high levels of one variable are associated with low levels of another variable the correlation is negative Experimental Method Allows researchers to make conclusions about causality Random assignment Used to ensure that every observation is accurate equal fair Independent Variable Variable controlled by experimenter Dependent Variable The outcome of the independent variable Ch 4 Neuroscience Afferent in vs Efferent out Takes in info from 5 senses Kinesthesia known body parts Messages to brain Sends messages to muscles glands Messages from brain Responsible for Flight or Flight response and arousal ex Heart racing adrenalin Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Rest Repair Neurons Dendrites Cell Body Axon Synapse Google com A branch from the neural cell body that receives input from other neurons A large central mass of a neuron containing the nucleus The branch of a neuron that is responsible for transmitting info to other neurons A point of communication between two neurons 5 Key Neurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Responsible for movement Learning Attention Positive emotion Too much dopamine Schizophrenia Not enough dopamine Parkinson s disease depressed feelings Responsible for sleep appetite arousal pain suppression mood and SSRI selective serotonin reuptake Norepinephrine NE Acetylcholine ACH Increases heart rate arousal and slows digestion Muscle action cognitive functioning and memory Alzheimer s is tied to deterioration of ACH GABA Low levels associated with anxiety Major inhibitory neuron fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging A neuro imaging procedure using an MRI Brain Noggin Peanut Brainstem Terms Innermost region of the brain Controls breathing and heartbeat Point where nerves connect with opposite side of brain Coordinates voluntary movement and balance Tells brain what to expect from your body s own movement Cerebellum Limbic System Hippocampus Hypothalamus Amygdala Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobe Participates in long term memory Regulates thirst Hunger and sexual behavior Influences aggression fear Responds to Fight or Flight Involved in making plans morals Sends output messages to muscles Parietal Lobe Sensory complex 5 senses Occipital Lobe Visual Processing Temporal Lobe Auditory Processing Left Brain Generates speech Calculations Literal interpretations Analytic side facts numbers Right Brain Controls opposite side of body Perceiving objects Expressing and perceiving emotion Emotional side also creative Ch 5 Sensation and Perception Absolute threshold The smallest amount of stimuli that can be detected Sensory adaptation The tendency to pay less attention to a non changing source of stimulation Subliminal Stimuli Below stimuli threshold Figure Ground Perception Seeing a Figure Background Perceptual Set A mental disposition that influences what we see Perceptual Adaptation Adapting to different environments uses all senses Context Effects When an object influences our interpretation of it illusions Bottom Up Process Top Down Process Builds from sensations Groups things together by proximity similarity continuity and connectedness Using knowledge to fill in any unknowns Seeing what you expect to see Good Luck
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