Psychology 101 Fall 2012 Exam 1 Study Guide Part 2 This is intended to be a guide only You are responsible for all of the lecture material and assigned reading material The History and Scope of Psychology 1 What contributions did Hippocrates and Decartes make to psychology notes These two began the science of psychology by combining the sciences of physiology and philosophy Hippocrates began the physiological side of psychology Descartes suggested the mind and the body were seperate 2 What contributions did Wundt Titchener and James make to psychology pg1 2 Wundt created an experiment that monitored the time lapse between a patient hearing a ball hit the ground and the time it takes for them to press a button in response He used this experiment in an attempt to measured atoms of the mind Titchener was Wundt s student Titichener was the first to introduce structuralism James was one of the first major supporters of functionalism What is introspection What is structuralism looking inward the process of having patients report the different elements of theitr experiences while being exposed to different things An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind What is functionalism A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral process function how they enable us to adapt survive and flourish 3 What are each of the modern psychological perspectives pg 9 Behavioral how we learn observable responses Psychoanalytic psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes Biological neuroscientific How the body and brain enable emotion memories and sensory experiences Cognitive How we encode process store and retrieve information Sociocultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences Thinking Critically 4 What is hindsight bias pg 15 The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it 5 Why do we need psychological science pg24 We have need for psychology primarily due to two facts The fact that we are prone to hind sight bias and the fact that we overestimate and are overconfident of our own judgments partially because we are prone to seek information that confirms our own beliefs Research Strategies 6 What is a theory What is a hypothesis pg25 An explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events A testable prediction often implied by a testable theory 7 What is an operational definition Q7 15 pg26 27 A statement of the procedures used to define research variables For example human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances 8 What is replication 9 What is a case study An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principals 10 What is naturalistic observation Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation 11 What is a survey 12 What is random sampling The technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a representative random sample of the group A sample the fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion 13 What is a correlation What are positive and negative correlations A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other Positive and negative correlations are the same as mathematical inverse and direct correlation 14 Does correlation indicate causation What are some other alternatives Correlation does not usually indicate causation Situations often may appear to cause something but generally there is a third factor that explains the cause correlation rarely indicates causation 15 How are scatterplots interpreted Scatterplots are viewed by using dots on a graph to represent things and the general trend of the the direction of the dots indicates what correlation something has either positive negative or none 16 What are experiments pg 34 37 A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors independent variables to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process the dependent variable by random assignment of participants the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors What are IVs and DVs Independent variable iv is the experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied The dependent variable dv is the outcome factor the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable What are experimental treatment and control conditions The experimental treatment or group is the group that is exposed to treatment that is to one version of the independent variable The control conditions or group is the group that is not exposed to treatment serves as a reference to evaluate the effects of the treatment What is experimental control What is random assignment What is the expectancy effect Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups a form of reactivity in which a researcher s cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment What is the placebo effect Experimental results caused by expectations alone What are double blind procedures An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and staff are ignorant blind about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo Commonly used in drug evaluation studies 17 What is generalization notebook The ability to apply the results of an experiment to the entire population the experiment was directed towards 18 What are measures of central tendency pg 38 Measures of central tendency are usually the mode or the mean What are the mean median and mode 19 What are measures of variation pg 39 The range and standard deviant are used to measure variation What are the range and standard deviation 20 What is
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