Exam 12 04 15 2015 Clot formation blood into a gel very complicated don t really understand cascade of events fibrin thrombin and 10 others o active form of fibrinogen gets turned into fibrin in a cascade of events o when these two are in the system a clot forms in this area they don t know if the research is right enough if there is more chemicals in the blood Anti clotting mechanism once everything has closed off the blood and now we need to fix the area that was ruptured need to limit clot formation to injured area o stop it from cascading don t want to turn the vessel into an entire clot now o healthy endothelial cells help with this situation o we don t need the cover because we ve fixed the window eventually need to break up clot o if you let the clot go down the vessel it ll block it because capillaries only release one red blood cell at a time and clots are majority of white and red blood cells as an entire unit o plasmin solubilizes fibrin plasminogen moves around blood all the time is activated into plasmin breaks down fibrin fibrin was helping to hold the cells in place to keep the clot but now will be broken down Drugs Aspirin thins blood aka impacts stage 2 inhibits platelet aggregation o if you re having a heart attack take aspirin why because the heart attack has made your platelets stop and so they ve tried to make clots with aspirin remove plugs that you need and don t need therefore thins it Oral anticoagulants goes after 3 stage limit vitamin K synthesis o vitamin K is vital for formation of thrombin o so if you limit it you limit thrombin so will have problem in making clots indirect manner Plasminogen activators breaks up clots by breaking up fibrin o why because of a stroke stroke clot has lodged itself in a vessel in the brain anyone there s a clot plasminogen activators turns into plasmin and breaks down the clots problem we get rid of the clots we need even though we got rid of the bad one may start bleeding out in other areas depending on your injuries she talked about the commercial on strokes that tells you how to tell if someone is having a stroke RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Functions Interacts with the environment O2 in CO2 out o Diffusion thickness of exchange super thin because diffusion has a distance problem high surface area must maximize Regulation of blood pH key to protein function o if it goes too high or too low will damage proteins or lose their functions and so cause problems Enable speech causes vibration Microbe defense expel foreign matter Two zones conducting and respiratory Anatomy o CONDUCTING parts larynx bronchi trachea bronchioles characteristics very low air resistance we want them to flow through here walls gas exchange doesn t occur here don t need thin O2 is not moving to body and CO2 is not moving in just going from point A to point B when you get ill more mucus to prevent further foreign things from coming in cilia and mucus smooth muscle sympathetic dilate relax lungs make them larger to get more air in parasympathetic constricts lungs don t need that much air in RESPIRATORY parts characteristics respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli gas exchange diffusion occurs1 o thin walled o something else missed it Two types of alveolar cells alveolar cells are epithelial cells Type I skinny o will help with diffusion better by being nice and thin o gas exchange Type II normal o soapy substance o allows the skinny cells to stay because it lessens the hydrostatic pressure o makes surfactant to prevent the skinny cells from being squished and not working o helps keep alveoli open o maximizes surface area Thoracic cavity diaphragm makes floor intercostals muscle covering the ribs o allows for ribs to move can make lungs bigger both skeletal muscle o moving your rib cage not your lungs o lungs are not directly attached to these areas Pleural sac keeps your lungs protected from environment water filled balloon parietal pleura outside attached to the thoracic cavity ribs and diaphragm visceral pleura inside attached to the lungs key fluid transfers movement o drinking your pop and your costar comes with it why because water is holding them together o so when water in your lungs gets pulled out the lungs move moving thoracic cavity out lungs come with it o add salt to prevent this ionic bonding disrupts hydrogen with it bonding Ventilation Inspiration inhaling pressure Expiration exhaling Ventilation Inspiration in Contract shorter sac transfers increase in volume decrease in Relax larger sac transfers decrease in volume increase in pressure joke don t hold your breath until next time o Contract sac transfers inc Volume dec Pressure air Expiration out o Relax sac transfers dec volume inc pressure air Following the gradient of high pressure to low pressure Both variable What if the sac is broken o Movement of the rib cage but we wont see a movement of air in out o Pneumothorax lung collapses o Solution need to get the air out and re seal the lungs to the pleural sac Tidal Volume inhale exhale o Want minimal T volume because more air inhaled means you are also bringing in other stuff besides O2 o At rest about 500 mL o Can change Inspiratory reserve volume IRV to max Expiratory reserve volume ERV to min Never go all the way down to zero o As we change the tidal volume we are going to be decreasing the IRV or ERV or both of them Like our stroke volume for our heart o Vital capacity Biggest the tidal volume can be Maximum inspiration max expiration Used up both of our reserves do IRV and ERV are down to zero Can inc via training Has to do with how well your intercostals can move your rib cage Change happens over time o Residual Volume Never completely goes down to zero Gas Exchange Air pressure dependent on o Temperature Not an issue for human unless we get in extreme hot or extreme cold temperatures Respiratory system adjusts temperature so it is the same for exchange o Gases present in partial pressures Px Typically 79 N Little CO2 and H2O P02 160 mm Hg 21 O2 P CO2 0 3 mm Hg o Gases diffusion based on partial pressure px gradients Move from high to low pressure Can do movement into and out of liquids Ex from air in the lungs into the blood Can have movement between liquids Ex from the blood into the cells o Between alveoli and blood For blood returning to the lungs P CO2 46 mm Hg P O2 40 mm Hg For air in alveoli P CO2 40 mm Hg P O2 mm 105 mm Hg Therefore O2 blood CO2 alveoli But why are values off in alveoli P Co2 40 not 0 3 P O2 105 not
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